Chapter II ANTROPOSFER

A. POPULATION COMPOSITION
               Antroposfer is one of the geosphere phenomenon associated with various activities and the dynamics of population change in a region. Changes in population dynamics caused by the birth, death, and immigration. Population dynamics of these changes will affect the number, growth rate, and composition of the population in a region.
Input Process Output
 Death® ® ® ® ® ®Birth 

 Emigration® ® ® ® ® ®Immigration 

Figure 2.1 changes the dynamics of the population caused by births, deaths, and migration

The composition of the population is the composition or structure of the population based on certain criteria. The criteria used in preparing the composition of the population include biological criteria (age and gender), geographic criteria (residence), social criteria (level of education and marital status), and economic criteria (employment, income levels, and types of jobs ).
Population composition data can be used for population analysis. Some uses of the composition of the population data are as follows.
1. Knowing the condition of human resources both by age and gender
2. Implement a policy relating to population
3. Comparing the state of a population group with other residents in accordance with the criteria used.
The composition of the population that is often encountered and used in the discussion of demographics is the composition by age and gender, the composition on the basis of geography, and composition based on social characteristics.



Column Geography
Population grows dynamically. According to Thomas Maltus, population increased following the geometric series. Meanwhile, food supplies grow in a row sritmatika (Thomas Malthus, Principle of Population)

Figures at a Glance
Prof. Dr. H. Haryono Suyono, the population of Indonesia, he has served as Head of National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), the State Chief Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs of Population and Welfare and Poverty Eradication. In his tenure, he has managed to overcome the problems of population through family planning programs (KB) and its success is not only recognized in Indonesia but also in the world. He considered the "pearl of the world" on population and family welfare, and was awarded as Mr. Family planning in Indonesia.

Composition of Population by Age and Gender
Age and sex are characteristic of the most basic population. The composition of age and gender have a major influence on behavior perunahan economic and social demographics. Composition of population by age can be arranged in groups' annual Datu age "or by using the interval" five years ", for example:
The Annual Age Age Five annual

Umur Satu Tahunan	Umur Lima tahunan
0 1 2 3 ….. dst	0 – 4 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 ……… dst

Table 2. 1. Composition of Population by Age and Gender

Kelompok Umur	Laki-laki (L)	Perempuan (P)	Laki-Laki + Perempuan
			Jumlah	%
0 – 4 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 – 69 70 – 74 75+ TT	10.295.701 10.433.865 10.460.908 10.649.348 9.237.464 9.130.504 8.204.302 7.432.840 6.433.438 5.087.252 3.791.185 2.883.226 2.597.076 1.666.191 1.368.190 1.257.526 5.946	10.006.675 10.060.226 9.992.824 10.500.169 10.020.637 9.510.433 8.195.418 7.471.386 6.034.410 4.568.753 3.593.783 2.795.438 2.723.943 1.898.735 1.468.847 1.459.459 5.901	20.302.376 20.494.091 20.453.732 21.149.517 19.258.101 18.640.937 16.399.720 14.904.226 12.467.848 9.656.005 7.384.968 5.678.664 5.321.019 3.564.926 2.837.037 2.716.985 11.847	10,09 10,18 10,16 10,51 9,57 9,26 8,15 7,41 6,20 4,80 3,67 2,82 2,64 1,77 1,41 1,35 0,01
Jumlah	100.934.962	100.307.037	201.241.999	100,00

The composition of the population by age and sex are presented in the form umumya population piramisa. By looking at the proportion of people in each group and gender elements can be obtained picture of the condition of the area residents. In addition, the population pyramid can also provide information on changes in population age group and sex, and estimated population growth for the future, the dependency burden rates, sex ratio, and employment numbers.
1. Numbers Load Dependence
Numbers Load dependency (Dependency Ratio) is a socio-economic implications of the composition of the population by age and gender. This figure can be used as an indicator of a country's economy is relatively developed country or not. Numbers Load dependence of the ratio between the number of states that are not productive population (population aged 15 years and under 65 years and over) with a population that is economically productive (ages 15 to 64 years). Numbers Load dependence can be calculated by the following equation.
          Numbers Load Dependence =
Example:
Indonesia Population Population Census results in 2000, has a population julah age group 0 to 14 years as many as 61,250,199 people, the age group 15 to 64 years = 130,872,852 souls, and the age group above 65 years = 9,118,948 inhabitants. Calculate Numbers Load dependence of Indonesia in 2000!
Given:
Po-14 = 61,250,199
P65 + = 9118984
Q15-64 = 130,872,852
Asked:
Numbers Load Dependence?
Answer:
  Numbers Load Dependence =
   = = 53.764 = 54%
These figures mean that 100 people bear the burden of productive 54 people who are not productive

2. Gender Comparison
Comparison of Gender (Sex Ratio) is the ratio between the number of male population with a population of women in a particular region and time. This figure is usually expressed in number of men per 100 women. Gender Comparison figures can be calculated using the following equation.
Gender Perbandinagn =


Example:
Based on the results of the 2000 population census, the population is male population of 100,934,962 souls and women are 100,307,037 souls. Based on these data. Calculate Comparative Figures Indonesia Population Sex!
Given:
The number of men = 100,934,962
Number of women = 100,307,037
Asked:
Gender Comparative Figures?
Answer:
Gender Perbandinagn =
                                                 =
                                                 = 100.6 = 101
This means that in every 100 women there were 101 male population
Age composition of the population of a country different from other countries, as well as when compared between an area with other regions within a country. The difference is influenced by three demographic variables of births, deaths, and migration. All three of these variables interplay with each other. If one variable changes, then other variables will contribute to change. Thus, the composition of the population will contribute to change.
Based on the composition of age and gender, characteristics of the population in the country suati can be categorized into three kinds, namely the pyramid expansive, constructive and stationer.

Population Composition of Basic Geographic
The composition of the population on the basis of geographic able to illustrate the distribution of population density and population in a region.
The population density is the ratio of an area population of the area. The population density is expressed by the number of residents per km2.
Population density can be expressed by two measures of arithmetic population density and agricultural density.
1. Arithmetic Density
Arithmetic population density is the number density obtained from the ratio of the total population of the entire area of land (average population per km2). Arithmetic population density can be calculated using the following equation.
Arithmetic Density =
Example:
Indonesia Population Census of Population in 2000 was 201,241,999 people. With a total area of 1,898,509 km2, calculate the density of population in Indonesia in 2000 census?
Given:
The population = 201,241,999
The total area = 1,898,509 km2
Asked:
Arithmetic Density?
Answer:
Arithmetic Density =
                                                        =
                                                        = 106 km2
So Indonesia's population density per square kilometer is 106 people
2. Agriculture Density
The agrarian population density population density obtained from a comparison of the population of the area's arable land (average population per km2). Agrarian population density figures can be calculated using the following peramaan:
Agriculture = Population Density

Example:
A population of the region in 2004 was 201,315 inhabitants. The area of agriculture in the area is 107,412 km2. Agriculture Population Density Hitunlah region.
Given:
Total population = 201,315 inhabitants
Agricultural area of 107,412 km2 =
Asked:
Agriculture Population Density?
Answer:
Agriculture = Population Density
                                                  =
                                                  = 1.87 km2
Agrarian population density figures can be used to estimate the minimum physical needs and the level of poverty of a region.
  When compared with the area, including Indonesia is not a country with high population density. In 2003, Indonesia reached a density of 114 km2. It's just the problem of population density because Indonesia is the population distribution is uneven. Most of the population still lived on the island of Java. Data from the BPS in 2000 and 2003 showed approximately 59% of the population live on the island of Java. Of this amount, approximately 17% lived in West Java province, 15% in Central Java, and 17% in East Java. While the vast island of Java as a whole is only about 7% of the entire land area of Indonesia.
In other parts of Indonesia, such as Maluku, North Maluku, and Papua, which has an area of about 24% of the total area occupied by Indonesia only about 2% of the population.
The size of the population on the island of Java caused the island's population density becomes very high. The population density in Java reached 915 km2. Meanwhile in Jakarta, in the year 2003 the population density is estimated at 12,985 km2

Column Geography
The study population can be both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively related to the number and distribution density. Quantitatively related among others to education, health, population and income. Data quality of the population can be used to measure progress and the welfare of the nation.

Composition of Population by Social characteristics
The composition of the population based on social characteristics to illustrate the level of population quality in a region. The composition of the population according to social characteristics associated with level of education, employment, health, religion, and housing and the environment. For example, the composition of the population age 7 - 24 years who were in school by age group and gender.
Indonesian population issues related to the social sector, especially the labor problems.
Employment growth is less balanced with employment growth will cause a decline in employment levels. However, the working population is also not fully be seen as a number of employment opportunities available. This is because the frequent occurrence of mismatches in the labor market.
In 2003, the total workforce of approximately 100.3 million 90.5% had worked. As many as 70.78% of which have worked under a high school education (low education). Only 23.22% of workers have higher education (above high school). Based on data from BPS also analyzed the force kerjayang still looking for a job (unemployment). In the year 2003 from the labor force of about 10 people of whom 1 is still looking for a job. The number of open unemployment in Indonesia reached 9.5 inhabitants with 59.68% of them poorly educated and highly educated 40.32%.

Column Geography
  The population density is not the same in every place. There are many factors that can affect the level of population density of a region. Some of the factors causing the density differences are as follows:


Regional factors with low population density areas with high population density
Physical high mountains where the temperature and the pressure decreases as altitude, active volcanoes, highland plains and low, flat plain surrounded by volcanoes
Regional climate with very low rainfall, the area experienced a long dry season, areas with very high humidity, and areas with a very low temperature region that received high rainfall, and most of the year without a temperature variation ekstrimdengan enough sunlight, and affected areas monsoon climate
Autumn forest vegetation areas and tropical rain forest area of more dense a meadow
Land Area with the frozen ground most of the time, the region with a thin layer of soil (such as in mountainous regions), areas with a layer of easily eroded soil from deforestation, and areas with a layer of soil which has experienced a washing area has a layer of soil deep enough to thick humus, and areas with a layer of soil that contains sediment Silt
Regional water sources that do not have clean fresh water sources are adequate and permanent (can be caused by a lack of funds and weaknesses in technology) area with clean fresh water sources that can dandalkan (may come from rain water) supported the ability and technology to build a reservoir
Diseases and pests into the area of an outbreak of a disease (eg, the Central African region known as outbreaks of malaria) clean area of the outbreak of disease is supported by the facilities and adequate health infrastructure
Regional resources that do not have deposits of natural resources and energy areas with natural resources and energy
Transportation and communication facilities such as mountainous areas, deserts, and forests that can complicate the development of communication tools that facilitate the Territory means of communication such as canals, highways, railways, relay towers, and the port.


Regional factors with low population density areas with high population density
Economic Area who are still behind in terms of development, and regional economic system that only self-sufficient region with the progress of agriculture and industry
Areas with government politics that can not attract investors or region with which pemeritahan not have the funds to carry out development, and regional governance system unstable region with a stable government capable of conducting both development and physical development, social development


B. POPULATION GROWTH
Population growth is a dynamic balance between the various factors that affect the population. The factors that influence population growth are birth, death, and migration. The birth will increase the number of residents. Event of death will reduce the number of residents. Immigration (immigrants) will increase the number of residents. As for emigration (people who moved out of the area) will reduce the number of residents.

Birth (birthrate)
There are several factors that support the delivery (pronatalitas) and that inhibits the birth (antinatalitas)
1. Pronatalitas factors
- Nikah young age;
- The presumption many children much sustenance;
- The low level of health.
2. Antinatalitas factors
- The rule limits the age to get married. Women at least 16 years while men 19 years;
- The restrictions on child support for civil servants;
- The majority of parents thought that children were a burden for parents, especially in this modern age;
- The existence of government programs to limit births, the family planning with all the tools to prevent pregnancy.

1. Measurement of birth rate
a. Crude Birth Numbers (Crude Birth Rate, or CBR)
CBR =
CBR = Crude Birth Rate Crude Birth Or Numbers
    B = Number of population in a given year
    P = Population mid-year
    K = a constant number which is usually worth 1000
b. Birth Numbers by Age (Age Specific Fertility Rate or ASFR)
ASFRi =
Bi = number of age groups kelahiranbayi i
PFI = Number of women age group in the mid-i
k = rate constant that is usually worth 1000

  Death (Mortakitas)
The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand population each year. There are several factors that inhibit death (antimortalitas) and supports the death (promortalitas).
Antimortalitas factors
- Availability of adequate facilities kessehatan;
- Environmental clean and orderly;
- The existence of religious teachings that prohibit suicide.
Promortalitas factors
- Lack of public awareness of the importance of health;
- Health facilities are inadequate;
- The act of suicide;
- The natural disasters that cause loss of life;
- The occurrence of war;
- Frequent traffic accident.

1. Mortality measurement
a. Crude Mortality Rate (or Crude Death Rate CDR)
CDR =
D = Number of deaths in a given year (from the resident registration)
P = Total population at mid-year (in June and July)
k = number constant that is usually worth 1000
b. Mortality Rate by Age (Age Specific Death Rate or ASDR)
ASDRi =
On = The number of deaths in group i
Pmi = Total population at mid-year for age group i
k = number constant that is usually worth 1000

Population growth can be calculated in several ways, the natural population, population growth arithmetic, geometric population growth, and exponential population growth. Population growth arithmetic, geometric, and exponential is used to calculate population growth rates continue every year.

Natural Population Growth
Natural population growth is the only population growth factor caused by the birth and death only. Population growth rate can be calculated by the following equation.
RNI =
RNI = natural population growth rate (Rate of Natural Increase)
P = Number of initial population
B = number of birth (birth)
D = death rate (death)
The population growth rate can also be calculated by including all factors that influence population growth (births, deaths, and migration). Calculation of population growth rate which includes all these factors is calculated by the following equation.
r =

Pn = Po + (B - D) + (Mi - Mo)
Where:
r = population growth rate
Po = initial population
B = number of births
D = the number of deaths
Mi = number of in-migration
Mo = the number of out-migration
(B-D) = the natural population growth
(Mi-Mo) = net migration
Example:
The population of a region in 2006 was 102,560 inhabitants. In the same year, the number of births in the region is 4289 people, the death rate of 2385 souls, and the number of people out and settled in other regions is as much as 953 souls. Calculate how much and population growth area in 2007!
Given:
Po = 102,560
B = 4289
D = 2385
Mi = 1345
Mo = 953
Asked:
The population of the next year?
Population growth (r)?
  Answer:
The population in 2007:
Pn = Po + (B - D) + (Mi - Mo)
      = 102,560 + (4289 to 2385) + (1345-953)
      = 102. 560 + (1,904 + 392)
      = 102,560 + 2296
     = 104,856 people
Thus, the population in 2007 was as many as 104,856 people
The population growth rate (r):
r = = 2.2%
Thus, the population growth rate from year 2006 to year 2007 amounted to 2.2%

Arithmetic Population Growth
The arithmetic of population growth is population growth in the number (absolute number) the same every year. To calculate the arithmetic of population growth used the following equation.
Pn = Po (1 - rn)
Where:
Pn = the number of residents in the year n
Po = total population in the early (primary)
r = population growth rate
n = period of time in the year (period)

Geometric Population Growth
Geometric population growth in the population yaitupertumbuhan using basic interest rate (compound interest), where the population growth rate for each year. To calculate the geometric growth of population used the following equation.
Pn = Po + (1 + r) n
Where:
Pn = the number of residents in the year n
Po = initial population (basic)
r = rate of growth
n = period of time in the year (period)

Exponential Population Growth
Exponential population growth of population growth is continuously (continuous) each year with growth rates relatively constant. Exponential population growth can be formulated with the following equation.
Pn = Po e rn ¬
Where:
Pn = the number of residents in the year n
Po = total population in the early (primary)
e = base of natural logarithm system, the amount = 2.782818
r = population growth rate
n = periods of time in years (Term Time)
If the growth rate every year prnduduk fixed (constant), then by using the exponential equation can be obtained equations for calculating the time it takes a population to double (doubling time)

Doublings Time (n) =
Where:
70 = rate constant if the population growth per year is fixed.
r = population growth continue throughout the year
Example:
If r = 2.5% per year, then the population will be doubled in time:
n = = = 28 years
So the population will double after 28 years.
Example:
The population in 2000 = 40,500 inhabitants
The population in 2005 = 56,345 inhabitants
What is the population growth rate each year during the 2000-2005 period if calculated using the above three equations?
Given:
Po = 40,500
Pn = 56,345
Asked:
Population growth rate arithmetic, geometric and exponential.
Answer:
1. Pn = Po (1 + rn)
56,345 = 40,500 (1 +5 r)
56,345 = 40,500 + 40.50 x 5R
r =
 7.82%®r = = 0.078246913 
So the population growth rate is 7.82% arithmetic.
2. Pn = Po (1 + rn) n
56,345 = 4500 (1 + r) 5
     = (1 + r) 5
1.391234568 = (1 + r) 5
Log 1.391234568 = log (1 + r) 5
0.14340036 = 5 log (1 + r)
Log (1 + r) =
Log (1 + r) = 0.028680072
1 + r = (10) 0.028680072
1 + r = 1.068267628
a. r = 1.068267638-1
 6.82%®r = 0.068267638 
So the geometric population growth is 6.82%
3. Pn = Po e r n
56,345 = 40,500. e5r
56,345 = e5r
40,500
1.391234568 = e5r
In 1.391234568 = In e5r
In 0.330191531 = 5R e
0.330191531 = 5R In 1
0.330191531 = 5R
 6.60%®r = = 0.066038306 
So an exponential population growth is 6.60%
Of the three this way, the more frequently used in calculating the population growth is geometric and exponential way. Population growth rates are not good arimetika to measure population growth because the population can not be increased by the same amount annually eraser.
Indonesia pensusuk growth rate cukuo decreased significantly since 1980. in the period 1980 - 1990 population growth rate is 1.97% per year. In the period 1990 - 2000 that number decreased to reach 1.49% per year, although in the period from 2000 to 2003 again increased to 1.5% per year.
Provincial population growth rate during the two periods (1980 - 1990 and 1990 - 2000) has decreased from almost all provinces except the province of Riau, D. I. Yogyakarta, Bali and South Sulawesi. In some provinces such as West Sumatra, DKI Jakarta, Central Java, and Maluku even decreased to below 1% per year.
Learn Indonesian population growth data by province can be seen in Table 2.2

Column Geography
• Population Census in Indonesia was first performed in 1930
• Based on the census results, the development of Indonesia's population in each census results are as follows.
Year Population
1930
1961
1971
1980
1990
60.7 Million in 2000
97.0 Million
119.1 Million
147.2 Million
179.3 Million
201.2 Million

• The results of the 2000 Census, the national population growth rate adalah1, 35%, lower than the 1990 census is 1.97%. Most of the province has decreased the rate of population, except for East Nusa Tenggara, the only province that experienced an increase in the rate of population increase of 1.79% (1980 to 1990) to 1.92% in the period 1990 to 2000. Riau Province is a province of the fastest population growth rate in the 2000 census, in the amount of 3.79%. Other provinces that have high population growth rate is Southeast Sulawesi (2.86%), East Kalimantan (2.74%), Central Kalimantan (2.67%), and Papua (2.60%). Some provinces have a population growth rate below one percent as DKI Jakarta (0.16%), West Sumatra (0.57%), East Java (0.63%), Maluku (0.65%), DI Yogyakarta (0 , 68%), and Central Java (0.82%).

Population Data Collection
To analyze the dynamics of population growth needed to support data sources. Source of data related to population changes can be obtained through population censuses, population surveys, and registration of the population.
  Population census is the whole process of collecting, recording, processing, and data publishing demographic, economic, social and involving all citizens of a country at a particular time and period. Indonesia's population census carried out by Canvasser method, meaning that officers went to the population census to ask for information. In developed countries, the population census carried out using the method of House Holder. In this method each household to fill his own list of questions received from the census officer. The census registration process consists of a census facto and de jure. Census de facto means that the calculation is based on the place where one is at night before the census dilakanakan next day. The de jure census conducted by taking into account the population actually living in the census conducted. In Indonesia conducted by BPS census every 10 years.
Population survey conducted by taking samples that are considered to represent the population. The way this is done because of cost considerations and time factors. Population surveys are usually conducted once every five years or in the census (SUPAS = Inter-Census Population Survey). SUPAS conducted to fill the void between the two census data.
Population registration is recording activity and data collection continuous population. Population data collected at the time of registration data population is births, deaths, immigration, divorce, and marriage. The success of the registration of this population vary widely depending on the awareness of citizens to report any changes in themselves and their families, availability of trained personnel, as well as serious perhtian government and related institutions.

C. POPULATION INFORMATION
Information or data about the population as a very important phenomenon geosphere. Demographic information is presented in order that the reader can see, read, analyze, interpret patterns, and patterns of population characteristics of a region, territory, or country. Therefore, the population data as a source of information, to make it more attractive, easily readable and not confusing, usually presented in the form of maps, tables, and pictures.
Ebagai map tools or models to provide spatial information relating to population data, must be made in accordance with the rules of map making. Population data are usually presented in the map of population distribution and population density. For example, the data density in the map display by using shades of symbols, where every citizen to show a different value (interval). As for the steps taken to create a map of population density distribution is as follows:
1. Prepare data on:
• perwilayah population;
• The total area;
• Map of the area; and
• Paper and other drawing tools.
2. Calculate the population density will be mapped.
Density =
3. Perform classification (grouping) of data density through shades (color interval classes).
4. Figure back or trace back to the map which will draw the population density. Then, turn the color on the map in accordance with predetermined intervals (class interval = color gradations)
5. complete the map with the appropriate legend.
 
In addition to using the symbol colors (shades) population data can also be displayed using symbols such as symbols to illustrate the point spread of the population, graphs (diagrams) to describe the population growth rate, quantitative symbols to represent numbers.
Table is the presentation of information people most often used. Please note that almost all the population census data and population composition disajikab description in tabular form. Population density data, but presented in the form of maps can also be presented in tabular form
Island Population density per km2
1990 2000 2003
Sumatra
Java
Bali and Nusa Tenggara
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku and papua 76
843
139
16
65
8 90
951
152
20
78
9 93
997
157
20
80
10

Images are also used to present population data. Images can help us in seeing the development or comparison of the frequency of various phenomena. Images are presented in the form of diagrams (histograms, polygons, and circles)

Column Geography
• Study the phenomenon of population is used to understand the problems of population. The study was conducted based on population data, both qualitative data and quantitative data
• The results of this study was then used as the basis of population policies Untk take.