A. Resources and Natural Resources ... ... ... ... ...
B. Classification of Natural Resources ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
C. Distribution of natural resources ... ... ... ... ....
Distribution of natural resources that can be updated ... ...
Distribution of natural resources which can not be updated ... ... ...
D. Management of natural resources is good ... ... ..
Environmentally sound development principles ... ... ... ...
Principle Ekoefesiensi... ... ... ... ... ....
Is a material resource or circumstances can used to meet the needs of human life. Resources contained in various types of forms which consist of human resources, cultural resources, and natural resources. Based on the spreading of natural resources are everywhere and can only be found in certain places. Based on the natural resources of him can be divided into natural resources and renewable natural resources that can not be updated.
To be able to assist you in understanding about natural resources, you can learn it in general in the following concept map.
A. RESOURCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Resources can be defined as a substance or condition that can be used to meet the needs of human life. Land, water, mineral, minerals, and man is a potential resource that could encourage the growth and development of a region. Therefore, all these potentials should be utilized to meet the needs of human life by observing the optimal environmental sustainability.
Resources were not yet in and exploited the potential wealth. Sources will memilikki benefits and a very high value when the human resources to manage a quality, culture, and the mastery of science and high technology.
Resources in a variety of forms. In general, the resources of human resources, cultural resources, and natural resources.
Human resources is the human potential that can be utilized for the welfare of his life.
Human resources include the number, strength, and leadership pikran. Human resources can be grouped into quantitative resources in the form of labor (man power resources) and qualitative resources in the form of mental resources (mental resources).
Cultural resources are resources that come from the creation or work of man, whether in the form of objects and not objects. Resource objects include works of art (dance, poetry, poems, and literary works), roads, buildings, and vehicles.
Natural resources are all the natural wealth in the form of inanimate objects or living things that are on earth, which are beneficial to humans directly or indirectly. In other words, natural resources are all natural wealth, which is in nature that human beings can utilized to meet their needs.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources can be classified according to the source, spreading, objective, and based on the way of him and permanfaatannya.
Based on the source, natural resources are distinguished over natural resources biotic and abiotic resources. Natural resources biotic (organic) is the natural resources that come from living things. Such as timber, fish, coal, petroleum, and marble. Natural resources abiotic (inorganic) of natural resources comes not from living organisms. For example, tin, iron, and quartz.
Based on the spreading, natural resources are divided into two types. First, natural resources are everywhere. For example sun, water, air, agricultural areas, and forests. Second, natural resources can only be found in a particular area. For example, uranium mines, coal mines, and gold mines.
Based on the objective, natural resources divided into three types, namely: natural resource industrial materials: natural resources of food: natural resources and clothing materials.
Natural resources industrial materials are natural resources that generally used as raw material or industrial raw materials. For example clay, kaolin, sulfur. Natural resources of food is the natural resources used as raw materials and clothing manufacture, such as silk and cotton.
Based on the way of him and utilization, natural resources can be divided into natural resources and renewable natural resources that can not be updated.
Natural resources are a renewable natural resource that once used can be restored naturally or through human resources budu. Natural resources include renewable plant resources and animal resources.
Natural resources are non-renewable natural resources which can not be recovered after use. If you can, formation process takes a very long time, thousands and even millions of years.
Types of resources known as mini-style items that include mining of mineral resources of energy resources. The characteristic of the natural resources that can not be updated are as follows.
1. Minerals that quickly drains because of high consumption value and exploited people. For example, petroleum, iron ore, aluminum ore, phosphates, gold, and coal. Minerals that do not quickly drains generally have low consumption values. For example, minerals and various types of rock.
2. Existence unevenly spread, found only a certain area only, and will expire if continually explored and exploited.
C. Distribution NATURAL RESOURCES
Distribution of Natural Resources that can be Updated
Natural resources are a renewable natural resource after use and be recovered, either through human cultivation, as well as naturally. Discussion of natural resources that can be updated, among other resources including agriculture, plantation, forestry, fisheries, and pertenakan.
1. Agriculture
Agriculture is the oldest business people in Indonesia and most absorbing labor. Therefore, Indonesia is known as an agrarian country. Agricultural products is the ultimate rice. Areas have particularly penananman pie on the island of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, and Lombok. Crops other agricultural products are peanuts, soybeans, and corn. Penanamanya areas scattered mainly in Lampung, Central Java, East Java and South Sulawesi.
The management of agriculture conducted olehh people are divided into dry land agriculture. Agricultural land is the agricultural fields of land management menlalui done in a way hoe (plowing), fertilizing and periran system. Agricultural land divided into several fields following types.
Irigrasi Rice, rice farming using irrigation systems regularly and does not depend on rain water.
a. Rainfed rice fields, agricultural fields with irigrasi irregular and dependent on rain water.
b. Tidal rice fields, agricultural fields located near the mouth of the river in the lower mainland or the beach that is affected by the tidal river or sea water.
c. Lowland rice fields, agricultural fields located along the left and right big rivers.
The main crops are rice paddy field. In 2003 Indonesia wet land agriculture produce 48.9 million tons of rice. This amount has increased from tahun2002 dengann production 48.9 million tons of rice.
Read more paddy rice production growth since 2000 is shown in diagram 3.1. Largest rice-producing provinces are East Java province (17.1%), West Java Province (16.9%), and Ttengah Java province (15.6%). Semntara's North Sumatra province produced 3.1 tons (6.5%), South Sulawesi, 3.9 tons (7.6%), and West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Lampung each producing 1.7 tons of paddy
Diagram 3.1. Rice Paddy Production by Island (million tons), from 2000 to 2003.
Tabel 3.1. Rice Paddy Production by Island (tons), from 2000 to 2003.
Province 2000 2001 2002 2003
(!) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Sumatra 10.933.192 10.525.997 10.857.920 11.356.576
Jawa 28.119.245 27.282.469 27.615.900 27.117.723
Bali, Nusa Tenggara 2.548.335 2.514.058 2.445.710 2.474.882
Kalimantan 2.537.190 2.569.761 2.536.423 2.719.507
Sulawesi 4.976.603 4.920.274 5.372.965 5.535.341
Maluku & Papua 92.636 82.953 70.147 11.489
Luar Jawa 21.087.956 20.613.043 21.283.165 22.205.795
Indonesia 49.207.201 47.895.512 48.899.065 49.323.518
Note: The form of dry milled grain production, since the year 1996 conversion of 86.51 percent
Source: Calculated from survey results of Food Crops and vegetables
Tabel 3.2. Area Harvested, Production and yield per hectare of Food Crops, 2000 to 2003.
Plant type unit 2000 2001 2003 2004
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Padi
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Rice Fields
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Paddy Field
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Maize
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Cassava
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Sweet Potatoes
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Peanut
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Soybean
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
11,793,5
51.898,9
44,0
10.617,6
49.207,2
46,3
1.175,9
2.691,7
22,9
3.500,3
9.679,9
27,7
1.284,0
16.089,0
125,0
194,3
1.827,7
94,0
683,6
736,5
10,8
824,5
1.017,6
12,3
11.500,0
50.460,8
43,9
10.419,4
47.895,5
46,0
1.080,6
2.565,3
23,7
3.285,9
9.347,2
28,5
1.317,9
17.054,6
129,0
181,0
1.749,9
97,0
654,8
709,8
10,8
678,8
826,9
12,2
11.521,1
51.489,7
44,7
10.457,0
48.899,1
46,8
1.064,2
2.590,6
24,3
3.126,8
9.654,1
30,9
1.276,5
16.913,1
132,0
177,3
1771,6
100,0
647,0
718,1
11,1
544,5
673,1
12,4
11.477,4
52.078,8
45,4
10.384,7
49.323,5
47,5
1.092,7
2.755,3
25,2
3.354,7
10.910,1
32,5
1.239,7
18.474,0
149,0
198,2
1.997,8
101,0
682,9
784,8
11,5
526,7
672,4
12,8
Dry land agriculture is agriculture carried out in yards, fields, and fields. Yards is a very important area and has a very high economical. Results yards mainly horticultural crops, fruit - fruits, and vegetables - vegetables. Agricultural fields is a process of agricultural land in open forest or scrub. Land is generally only used a few times, then abandoned.
Other plants are planted in fields such as paddy gogo form. Agricultural fields is a process of agricultural land by relying on rain water. Agricultural fields produce among other rancah gogo rice, cassava, maize, and peanuts.
1. Plantation
Plantation is an attempt to dry land by planting certain commodities. Plantation business in Indonesia can be viewed from various aspects. Based on the types of plants, plantations can be differentiated into plantations with seasonal plants, such as tobacco and sugar cane plantations and annual crops, such as rubber, coffee, palm oil, clove, chocolate, and nutmeg.
Based on the business side, the plantation can be divided into people's estates and large estates. Plantation is a plantation of the people exploited by the population with little capital and a narrow area. Plantation people usually managed traditionally by the relatively limited. Therefore, people's coffee plantation forests are generally more like coffee than the coffee plantations.
In 2003, vast plantations of the people in Indonesia reached 13.34 million ha. Other plants are in try include rubber, coconut, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, tea, cinnamon, pepper, tobacco, and ginger. The complete data about the area and crop production by smallholders crop 2000 - 2003 can be seen in Table 3.3.
Conversely, a large plantation estates which were cultivated with a very large capital and high technology. The cultivated land is very broad to reach hundreds or even thousands of hectares. Large estates usually earned by the parties in private or state owned enterprises (SOEs).
Table 3.3. Area and Production (thousand tons) People's Plants by Type of Plantation Crops (thousand ha), from 2000 to 2003
Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003
Size
Product size Product size Product size Product
Long-lived plants
Rubber
Coconut
Palm oil
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Kapok
Cashew
Nutmeg
Cinnamon
Pecan
Pinang
Pepper
Vanilla
Cardamom
Short-lived plants
Tobacco Lemongrass
Distance
Patchouli
Ginger
3.046,0
3.601,7
1.190,2
1.321,2
641,1
67,1
249,2
572,4
52,8
128,2
205,4
82,6
150,2
14,6
6,1
163,1
5,8
12,8
12,8
25,6
1.125,2
2.951,0
1.977,8
585,2
353,6
39,5
84,5
84,2
19,8
52,2
73,7
37,6
69,0
1,9
1,9
140,0
0,9
1,8
1,1
13,3
3.624,5
3.819,0
1.566,0
1.259,5
708,3
67,6
244,4
558,8
59,0
135,1
205,2
102,0
185,7
14,6
6,6
256,7
3,9
21,4
14,6
21,0
1.723,3
3.069,0
2.800,7
542,6
560,4
40,2
83,8
91,2
21,6
76,9
77,4
45,6
82,0
2,2
2,2
196,4
0,3
2,9
1,1
105,3
3.706,3
3.806,0
1795,3
1.354,0
803,2
66,3
225,2
601,1
61,1
136,8
212,5
107,2
203,8
15,8
7,1
252,0
3,7
9,6
21,6
22,2
1.776,2
3.010,9
3.134,3
666,0
564,4
44,8
79,0
116,0
23,1
77,9
88,5
42,3
90,1
2,7
3,6
189,3
0,3
2,2
1,5
110,7
3.796,9
382,3
1.810,7
1.360,8
817,0
67,7
225,7
604,1
61,4
136,9
212,5
107,9
203,8
15,8
7,3
254,2
3,8
9,0
21,9
25,4
1.788,8
3.141,7
3.648,8
669,4
572,9
44,9
75,9
118,3
23,3
91,9
89,2
42,9
90,3
2,4
3,8
205,0
0,4
2,8
1,5
112,3
In 2003, a large plantation area in Indonesia reached 38.2 million ha. Cultivated plants which include rubber, coconut, palm oil, tea, quinine, sugar cane, and tobacco. More extensive data on crop production and large estates 2000-2003 by type of plant can be seen in Table 3.4
Table 3.4. Area and Production (thousand tons) of plantation crops at the beginning of Year by Type of Crop (thousand ha), 2000-2003.
Plant type 2000 2001 2002 2003
size Product size Product size Product size Product
Long-lived plants
Rubber
Rubber
Coconut
Palm oil
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Kapok
Quinine
Short-lived plants
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Rami
3.046,0
549,0
94,9
2.440,5
63,2
157,8
90,0
4,5
1,3
388,5
5,2
1,6
1.125,2
375,8
96,7
4.574,5
1.039,7
28,3
57,7
123,1
1,0
1.708,1
6,1
2,6
3.624,5
48,0
78,5
2.691,9
62,5
158,6
83,3
4,7
1,2
393,9
5,3
1,4
1.723,3
316,3
94,0
5016,4
1.137,9
27,0
57,9
126,7
1,3
1.824,6
5,5
2,4
3.706,3
545,3
78,9
2.786,1
61,3
156,7
84,4
4,7
1,2
397,8
5,1
1,3
1.776,2
327,4
87,6
5.227,3
1194,8
26,4
57,4
120,4
1,3
1.853,8
5,2
2,3
3.796,9
543,4
78,9
2.875,3
60,7
155,4
84,7
4,7
1,1
398,6
4,9
1,3
1.788,8
332,5
87,6
5.456,7
1.231,8
26,1
57,2
122,6
1,4
1.876,6
5,3
2,3
Several other plants are cultivated in perkebunana both smallholders and large estates such as rubber, oil palm, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, clove, coffee, and chocolate.
a. Rubber (Havea Braziliensis)
Rubber is a plant that comes from brazil. Rubber plants require fertile soil, with air temperatures of about 24C with a rainfall of about 2500-4.000mm per year. After the plants were old enough, the rod was tapped to take the rubber resin. Gum-mangkoko accommodated in a bowl attached to a rubber tree.
Intercepts sap called latex. In order thickens, latex given ant acid (vinegar). After that, the mixture is thickened using a wringer squeezed to produce a thick sheet called sheet.
To avoid fungal done pengapasan process.
Sheets that had inhaled smoke sheet named. These sheets undergo a process of exploitation resulting sheets thinner called crepe.
These sheets are traded and used as industrial raw materials, manufacturers of rubber goods, such as tire manufacturers, medical equipment, and household goods manufacturers.
Apart from Malaysia and Sri Lanka, Indonesia known as one of the largest rubber producing countries in duni. Rubber plantation area in Indonesia, especially in the receiving areas, the largest North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, West Java, East Java and South Kalimantan.
b. Palm oil (Elais guineensis)
Palm oil is a plant that originated from the beach guinea (Affrika). Palm plants need loose soil with air temperatures of around 24C. The plant is grown in areas with short dry season and a rainfall between 2000-4000mm per year.
Palm plants produce palm oil which is the raw material manufacture cooking oil, soap, and margarine. Oil palm plantations in Indonesia, especially the largest in the region of North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi and Kalimantan.
c. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum. L.)
Tobacco is a plant that originated from Mexico (United States). These plants can grow in various regions, except in polar regions.
Tobacco plantations in Indonesia, especially in the area are Deli (North Sumatra), Surakarta, Klaten (Central Java), Besuki, and Bojonegoro (East Java). Tobacco processed as raw material for making cigarettes. Most of the tobacco plantations of Indonesia exported and auctioned in Bremen (Germany).
d.Tebu (saccharum officinarum L)
Probably derived sugarcane area around the river Ganges (India). Sugarcane plants grown on low land areas (0-600mm) which contains water with air temperatures of around 24C and having a long dry season.
Sugar cane plantations spread over many islands of Java, especially in Cirebon, Pekalongan, Pati, Madiun, Kediri, Malang, Besuki, and Jember. Sugar cane is the raw material to manufacture granulated sugar and flavor.
e. Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Tea is a plant that originated in China and Assam (India). Most of the plants are grown in Indonesia is the kind that comes from the region with tanh penggunungan a fertile, sunny, and cool air. Plantations in Indonesia, the spread in the region of North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Ttengah Java and East Java.
f. Clove (Eugenia arimatica O.K.)
Cloves are native to Indonesia who came from the Moluccas. This plant requires a fertile soil and cool air. Plant part used form of interest is then dried and then used as raw material for the cigarette industry, pharmaceutical industry, and spice ingredients. Spread tanman clove in Indonesia, especially in the area are North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Java, Manado, and the Moluccas.
g. Coffee (Coffea canephora)
Types of coffee grown in Indonesia consists of Arabica coffee from South Abesinia, Liberian coffee comes from Angola, dank poi rabusta also came from Congo (Africa). Coffee Plant yng most widely cultivated in Indonesia is robusta kpoi. This type of coffee has more advantages compared with other types, among other things can grow in low lands, than to the pest and disease, the fruit very much, and can be planted in intercropping system. Coffee plants cultivated in many areas Tapanuli (North Sumatra), South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, Bali and South Sulawesi.
h. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Chocolate is a plant that originated from America. In Indonesia, this plant has not been attempted. Brown plants can grow in tropical and subtropical. Cocoa plantations in Indonesia, mainly scattered in the area of Pekalongan, West Sumatra, Semarang, Sulawesi, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara.
3. Forestry
Forest is a community area flora and fauna as a whole is a natural community of life along with the natural biological environment. Indonesia's forest area reached about 110 million hectares consisting of forest, production forest, conversion forest, and forest production can be converted.
Forests are natural resources exploited by the earliest humans. At the beginning of human civilization, part of the forest can be utilized is still very limited. After people discovered the technology, shrinking forest area with a speed that is very worrying. Logging, and conversion of forests into agricultural land, residential, and industrial area to encourage the reduction of forest.
The decline of forest cover is increasing the vulnerability of that territory to disasters, both disasters, whether drought, floods or landslides. In addition, the forest loss would cause the loss of various species of animals and plants.
Forests as natural resources is very useful for human life. Forest products that can be used humans are many and varied. Some forest products that until now many explored include wood, rattan, and resin.
a. Wood
Wood is the main result of the forest. Wood logs can be (round), sawn timber and plywood. Types of logs (round) which has a very high economic value and the export commodities include teak, meranti, ebony, mahogany, ramin, camphor, ulin, iron wood, and sandalwood. The types of wood are mainly produced from the forest on the island of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua.
Wood production of forest products since 1999 continue to experience a significant decline. Based on data from the Ministry of Forestry, in 1999 roundwood production reached 20.6 million m³, sawn timber 2.1 million m³, and plywood 4.6 million m³. In 2002, production decreased mangalami. Forest timber production data by type of production in 2002 can be seen in diagram 3.2
b. Rattan
Rattan is the second forest product after timber. Rattan mainly produced by the forest on the island of Borneo. Rattan is widely used as industrial raw materials and the furniture industry.
c. Damar
Damar is a timber forest products derived from certain plants in the forest. Rosin is used for paints, varnishes, and even perfume. Damar forests are scattered throughout the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.
In addition to the above results, the forests of Indonesia also produces gutta-percha and camphor. Gutta-percha produced by the forests on the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan, is used for wrapping wire and a golf ball. Camphor is produced by many forests in Aceh and Tapanuli. Camphor is used to mix perfumes.
Several types of forest products other than wood and the amount produced in 2002 can be seen in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5. Sign up Production of Forest Products by Type, 2000 to 2002.
Type of goods
unit 2000 2001 2002
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Rattan
Gondrorukem
Turpentine
Eucalyptus oil
Damar
ton
ton
ton
ton
ton 94.752
27.589
3.570
174.338
3.342 23.836
30.126
4.076
157.417
2.921 17.779
28.953
2.993
188.264
1.131
1. Fishing
Fishing is fishing effort and the maintenance of good fish in inland waters and marine waters. Therefore, we know of fisheries land and sea fisheries.
a. Fishing ground
Inland fisheries is the capture and maintenance efforts in inland water fish, including fresh water fisheries (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and swamps) and brackish water fisheries. Types of inland water fish culture in ponds is generally done, rushing water pond, and Karamba. Cultivation of many types cultivated in brackish waters are generally in the form of shrimp and fish species fish. Cultivation in brackish waters are generally cultivated on the beach in the form of ponds and pond. Brackish water fisheries cultivated in many areas of North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung, and the northern coast of Java Island.
b. Sea Fishing
Sea Fishing is fishing effort carried out in the sea, around the coast or at sea. Sea fishery activities in Indonesia is very potential and important role that the Indonesian waters since very large. Center for marine fisheries in Indonesia are in Bagan Siapi-fire (Riau), Tegal (Central Java), MUNCAR (Banyuwangi, East Java), Kota Baru (South Kalimantan), Makassar (South Sulawesi), Water Copper (North Sulawesi), and Ambon.
Based on data from the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries and the Directorate General of Aquaculture, fish production in 2001 for the type of business tanbak is 454.7 thousand tons, from business 222.8 thousand tons of ponds, from business karamba 39.3 thousand tons, of marine fisheries 3.9 million tons, of rice cultivation (paddy mina) approximately 98 thousand tons. Data can be seen in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6. Fishery production by Island and Sector (tons), from 2000 to 2001
island Sea Fishing Fishing Land
Pond
Pool
Karamba Rice
2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Sumatra
Jawa
Bali & Nusa tenggara
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku dan papua
1.180.667
820.774
223.057
284.344
734.269
564.080 1.242.628
929.072
229.691
302.632
751.902
510.555 67.056
211.729
9.716
16.047
124.839
630 71.331
225.813
10.026
19.772
127.166
652 50.621
147.968
2.313
2.524
9.502
1.465
52.874
153.117
2.372
2.567
10.393
1.469 5.675
7.421
24
10.554
1.751
348 14.810
9.352
818
12.198
1.815
347
17.739
67.170
1.311
197
6.646
0 18.919
72.3801.003
185
5.703
0
Indonesia 3.807.191 3.966.480 430.017 454.710 214.393 222.792 25.773 39.340 93.063 98.190
1. Livestock
Livestock is an activity and maintain a useful animal mengembangbiakan to meet human needs. Many cultivated farm activities as a sideline. Animals are usually kept around the home environment, which is known as benign cattle home. In some other areas in Indonesia cultivated farm of two ways, among others.
• Benign cages, in groups of cattle in a pasture during the day and evening kembal cattle herded into the barn.
• wild animals, farm animals are released freely in the meadow, either day or night. Animals marked only by the owner and arrested if necessary.
In Indonesia, not grouped according to farm business size is based on what type of domesticated animals.
Based on the type of domesticated animals, livestock in Indonesia can be divided into large animal farms, petenakan small animals, and poultry.
a. Large animal husbandry
Large hewn ranch activities include buffaloes, cows, and horses. The results of this farm is for cattle, dairy, and certain goals. Livestock in West Nusa Tenggra generally released in the pasture, only a small part of dikandangkan. In contrast, in Java, and generally dikandangkan cattle maintained around the house, and released in the area of agriculture or in the garden.
Cattle buffalo are domesticated animals of the oldest houses in Indonesia. Livestock is much cultivated in areas Tapanuli (North Sumatra), West Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, Bali, and Manggarai (Flores, East Nusa Tenggara). Buffalo widely used to pull carts and oxen plowing.
Cows are large animals of the most widely cultivated, There are various types of cattle in Indonesia, but there is the most widely cultivated is the cow of Java, Madura cattle, beef Bali. Cattle Madura and Bali cattle have been developed evenly in the area of East Nusa Tenggara. In addition, efforts are also a lot of cattle found in the area of North Sumatra, Lampung, Sulawesi, Java, and Madura.
Seeds for cattle horses, imported from Saudi Arabia, Persia, and Mongolia and conducted cross-breeding, resulting in new types of horses such as horse Sandel (Sumbawa), Tapanuli horses, horses Makassar, Java and horses. Many cultivated horse farm in East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Tapanuli (North Sumatra) and South Sulawesi.
Cattle horse once widely used for transportation as oxen pulling a cart, wagon, carriage, and the royal army vehicles. However, this horse is bred for entertainment (horse racing).
b. Animal husbandry are
Activities include animal husbandry farms are kamning, sheep, sheep, and pigs. Livestock is often called the family cattle, because most Indonesian farmers to maintain. Goats and sheep are scattered throughout Java, Madura, and Sumatra.
c. Pertenakan poultry
Pertenakan poultry activities are cattle raising activities with wings and two legs, such as chickens, ducks and birds. Chickens bred as cut chicken (broiler) and chicken pertelur.
We have also developed many of the mountain cattle business. Generally, this activity is done as a hobby. However, this activity is enough potential in providing additional income.
At first, the activities carried out as poultry pertenakan side activities. However, this time also began pertenakkan activities conducted in a large scale by some entrepreneurs. Pertenakan poultry companies in the region dikembangkna many large cities such as Medan, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Suarbaya, Makassar, Manado.
Distribution of Natural Resources can not Updated
Natural resources are non-renewable natural resource which can not be recovered after use and disposable discharged.
The discussion about the distribution of natural resources which can not be updated includes minerals, in the form of fuel consisting of petroleum, natural gas and coal and metal minerals consist of iron, tin, bauskit, copper, gold, and silver
1. Petroleum
Petroleum is a source of energy very penting.Minyak earth is the main energy source for industrial machinery and motor vehicles.
Petroleum is formed from mikroplankton found in lakes, swamps, bays, and shallow sea. After death, the mengendapa in mikroplankton base and mixed with mud, so the experience is not perfect decomposition, called sapropelium. Because of pressure from layers of sediment that are above the long-standing and continuous, sediment it undergoes the process of distillation. Finally saprolium became petroleum.
There is oil in the skin layers of the earth called oil tendon. This oil tank is generally shaped fault, trap Stratigraphy, reservoir layer depletion, salt domes, and coral reefs. Minyk Earth Farm in Indonesia spread in North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Palembang., West Java, Central Java, East Kalimantan, and Papua. Obtained from oil drilling.
Over the last five years, oil production fluctuated showing a downward trend of production. Compared with the year 2002, the year 2003 oil production has decreased as much as 3.92% of 474, million barrels to 456.3 million barrels. (1 barrel = 158.99 liters = 1 / 6, 2898m3).
2. Gas
Natural gas is often found at ekspolasi activities of associated petroleum gas and nonassociated gas. Associated gas is found by means of gas with oil at a petroleum refinery. Natural gas obtained from oil processing is called LPG (LPG = Liguified Petroleum Gas). The dalah gas nonassociate gas produced from gas reserves that are not mixed with oil. The results of processing is called LNG (Natural Gas Liqufied).
Either natural gas reserves of LPG and LNG ditemukkan many oil field in Arun (Aceh Darussalam Nanggore), Rantau Prapat (North Sumatra), Dunai (Riau), Musi (South Sumatra), Balongan (West Java), Cilacap (Central Java) , Badak, Bontang (East Kalimantan), and the Natuna Sea.
The trend decline in oil production also experienced by the production of natural gas. However in 2003 production has increased from 2041.9 million MSCF (1MSCF = 1 / 35, 3m3) in 2002 to 3057.8 million MSCF.
3. Coal
Coal is formed from fossilized plants ybg prehistoric rock buried by sediment hundreds of years yng lalu.Adanya carbonization process for a long time, the remains of these plants in a row will turn into lignite, coal, anthracite, graphite, and diamond . Prior to becoming a young coal, fossil plants, it first became peat.
Obtained by coal mining activities. Coal mining in general done in several ways as follows.
a. Open pit mining (open pit), if; apisan large coal and only covered by a layer of soil or rock thin.
b. Mining copies of the hill, if the coal layer is located equally or possession of the mountain side.
c. Mining in) close-mining), if the layer of coal arriving standing upright or nearly evenly and buried hundreds of meters thick and deep.
Indonesia has potentially large coal contained in Umbilin (West Sumatra), hill Acid (South Sumatra), East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.
4. Iron
Bersal iron from materials mixed with soil and sand as a sediment. A unsure iron white metal, like silver shiny, easy to extend, is formed, and rust. Iron ore are scattered throughout the island of Nias (North Sumatra), Iron Mountain (West Sumatra), river rocks and ponds (Jambi), Gunug Chain (Lampung), Sebuku Island (South Kalimantan), Sintang (West Kalimantan), Kotawaringin (Central Kalimantan ), hill Kingdom (South Sulawesi), and mountian Verbeek (Central Sulawesi).
2. Tin
Timah granite rocks found on the bedrock. After experiencing pelaukan granite rocks, geological ore into tumah tin primary and secondary tin. Primary tin is a tin in granitic rocks in the earth or called gunug tin. The secondary lead is the lead contained in the land, based on river valleys or the sea floor. Formed from secondary tin tin mountain has experienced weathering processes, and then in pengankutan in endapkan estuaries. Tin ore are scattered throughout the island of Bangka, Belitung, Linga, and Singkep.
3. Bauxite
Bauxite is a mixture of colloidal aluminum oxide (AI) and ferum (Zn) contained in the soil. At the time of weathering and rock have been destroyed, the element oxygen (O ²), silisium (Sil) and ferum (Zn) of water washed away. As a result, a lot of ground formed containing aluminum (AI), such as those found on the island of Bintan. Bauxite is usually used to make household appliances such as pots, spoons, plates, electrical appliances and packaging. Bauxite are scattered throughout the area and the island of Bintan Island Transport and Kojang, in the Riau Islands.
4. Gold and silver
Gold and silver mines are the oldest materials known to man. Both types of minerals have been used since hundreds of man years ago. Both types of minerals are often found in conjunction with other minerals such as copper, zinc, and platinum.
The most easily recognizable gold because it's yellow, soft, and easily formed. Gold are scattered throughout the region of North Sumatra, Rejang Lebong, (Bengkulu), West Java (Mount Pongkor), Central Java, East Java, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Bolaang Mongondow (North Sulawesi), Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku.
Based on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the production of some types of mining in Indonesia from 2000-2003 are shown Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Mining Production by Type of Goods, 2000 to 2003
Type of goods
unit 2000 2001 2002 2003
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Oil
Gas
Tin
Coal
Bauxite
Nickel ore
Gold
Silver
Sand iron
Asphalt
Manganese ore
Copper concentrate
000 brl
000Mscf
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
Kg
Kg
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton 515.503
2.901.327
50.166
76.936.095
1.156.248
3.349.280
117.581
334.635
537.967
8.701
30.195
3.193.499 490.145
2.807.150
61.863
90.351.844
1.275.634
3.635.351
166.091
348.332
490.073
1.044
24.874
3.289.499 474.884
3.041.875
88.142
103.060.426
1.283.485
4.366.235
142.238
288.806
378.587
976
19.985
3.786.695 456.282
3.057.838
71.695
106.754.868
1.262.705
4.395.429
141.019
278.986
245.409
385
16.960
3.238.308
A. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOOD
All good natural resources and the real potential to be utilized effectively and may seefesien survival of nation and state. This is stipulated in the Act - Act No. 4 of 1982 on environmental management and the 1945 Constitution Article 33 which established that natural resources are used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people. Kemakmran should be enjoyed by current generations and the future. This means that the current generation should be careful in exploiting and utilizing natural resources, so that future generations can still enjoy it. For that we need to understand and apply the principles of sustainable ekoefisiensi principles.
Principles and Sustainable Environment Concept
Natural resources on earth is an essential resource for human survival. Lost or reduced availability of natural resources will impact on human survival. Therefore, the fundamental problems with respect to natural resource management is how to manage natural resources, in order to yield benefits as much as possible for people without sacrificing pa preservation of natural resources themselves. Management is so-called principle of environmentally sound and sustainable.
Management of natural resources and sustainable environmental perspective has been done a long time. However, high population growth and accompanied with the increasing human needs menyyebabkan exploitation of natural resources excessively. As a result, negative impacts, such as the extinction of flora and fauna, landslides, floods, and environmental pollution. If this is allowed to continue, future generations can no longer enjoy the natural resources available at this time.
In order to place the harmony and environmental balance and to maintain environmental carrying capacity, the utilization and management of natural resources and sustainable environmental perspective needs to be intensified. The purpose of natural resource management are environmentally sound and sustainable include the following things.
1. achieved a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment, with the aim of developing the whole person.
2. uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources wisely.
3. As with the builder of human realization of the environment.
4. implementation of development for the benefit of present and future.
Some examples of management of environmentally sound and sustainable in order to take advantage of natural resources among other minerals as follows.
1. reduce inefficient exploitation and excessive.
2. export minerals in the form of objects so that has an economic value is higher.
3. energy saving and trying to find alternative environmentally friendly replacement.
4. pengembanga conduct research and to find new areas or to create environmentally friendly technologies.
Principle Ekoefesiensi
Utilization of natural resources as described earlier can disrupt the balance of the environment. One of them is environmental pollution. However, humans also can maintain and restore ecological balance through knowledge and technology. Through the use of science and technology, humans can improve the production process while reducing negative environmental impacts. This trsebut stipulated in Penerintah Regulation No.29 year 1986 which is a translation of one of the articles of Law No. 4 tahun1982. in the Act there is the necessity of EIA (environmental impact assessment) in any activity which pembanguna expected to have an impact on the environment. For example, the excavation activities of a type of mineral or established industry.
Business management that combines economic principles with environmental protection principles ekoefesiensi called. Ekoefesiensi principle means an increase in the production process with little cost and with minimal environmental impact. Ekoefisiensi principle holds to the following matters.
1. Save and pay attention in the future needs or future generations.
2. efktivitas achieve high usage.
3. not interfere with the integrity or sustainability of natural resources other.
For example, savings in resources means using natural resources with full awareness by taking into account the interests of tomorrow. This can be measured objectively and simple. For example, in the use of electric energy or water at home or school. In addition to savings business, which is not less important is pemelihaaan existing resources. Resource is preserved to be enjoyed by generations to come.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar