Environment Definition
Before we discuss about the quality of the environment, more specifically, it helps advance our understanding memehami environment. According to Otto Soemarwoto, environment or the environment is surrounding all things that affect organisms living organisms concerned
In Law - Law of Indonesia number 23 of 1997 on ketentuen - managing principal provisions of the Environment stated that the environment is a unity with all things space, power, circumstances, and living things, including the inside man, and behavior memegaruhi continuity of human life and welfare as well as being other life. Based on the above descriptions, can be summed environment are all things (objects, conditions, and circumstances) surrounding living things, which affect the life (nature, growth, and distribution) relevant beings.
So, what is the purpose of human living environment? Human environment is everything from the air, hinga objects - a distance of celestial bodies hundreds of millions kilometerdari planet that affect human life on earth. Similarly, the man himself. Humans, both groups became individumaupun environment for individuals atai other groups.
Brief character
Nabie Makarim, Dipl.Eng.Chem, MSM, MPA is one of peninta environment. He has served as environment minister in the Cabinet Mutual Aid from 2001 to 2004. Before nenjabat as environment minister, he had become assistant secretary of the environment and was assigned to form a body that oversees the environment, the Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL). One of his thoughts about the environment is a more democratic system of environmental importance.
Column Geography
Biotic environment interactions with abiotic environment to form ecosystems. For example, coastal ecosystems, ecosystem garden or meadow ecosystem.
Types and Classification of Environmental
In general, the environment can be divided into biotic environment (the environment) and environmental abiotic (nonliving environment). In relation, because humans are makhlukhidup, then of course people belonging to the biotic element. If humans become the center of study, then the environment can be divided into the natural environment (natural environment), social environment (social environment), and the cultural environment (cultural environment).
Based on the above environmental groupings and to help us understand the problem - further environmental problems, the grouping can be done to the biotic environment, abiotic neighborhood, and socio-cultural environment.
Biotic environment is the environment of all living things ranging from the smallest microorganisms such as bacteria or animals or growing hinga - the largest plants that surround us and affect our lives.
Abiotic environment are all conditions that do not live or not a living organism that surround living creatures. Environmental abiotic including rocks, soil, minerals, air and gas - the other gases, water, solar energy, as well as process and power in these abiotic hasilkannya.Lingkungan actually could include objects, elements, phenomena or processes both in the earth, on the surface of the earth and in space that affect life on earth.
Social environment is a human being individually, in individuals and groups who are outside of us as family, friends, the tetengga, people in the neighborhood to international human who changes and developments affecting our lives. The cultural environment of any conditions or circumstances in the form of material (object) and not objects produced by humans through the creation or creativity, which affects the growth and development of human life. Cultural environments include buildings, equipment, weapons, clothing, and various objects of human creation. Cultural environment can also be custom, customs, values, norms, laws, arts, economic systems, and the political system or government.
In daily life - the day, every social elements (individual, group, community or nation) has an element - the element in the culture as described above. Haya course, the elements are embedded or have any social elements are not equal. When a person, group, or community or nation to each other with each other, there will be interaction and mutual influence. Thus, socio-cultural environment is another individual families, groups, communities or other nations, who memegaruhi way of life and our lives.
In broad outline, the third component is the summary into two parts, namely bio-geofisikal components (natural environment) and social environmental components into the core culture of human relationships and the environment (the relationship of human behavior and the built environment). Between the components of bio-geofisikal environmental and socio-cultural environment interactions and the intertwined relationship of interdependence (mutual dependence).
In the interaction between humans and the environment, humans perform selection and adaptation. Selection, in human relations and the environment is how people choose a location for residential or other businesses in meeting their needs. The adaptation of human and environmental relationships of how human nature menyesuaikandiri environment to maintain or improve their lives.
Environment kulitas
How environmental conditions of human life on earth today? Environmental quality of human life is physically present is very alarming indeed. Various forms of natural disaster after another hit. Floods in the rainy season, landslides, loss if the layers of soil (top soil), a very serious drought in summer, pollution (both air, water, soil, or sound), especially in cities - cities besa, depletion of tropical rain forest area, increasing global temperature, ozone layer depletion, the spread of critical land, decline in ground water, and waste problems become part of our daily lives - today.
Socio-economic conditions and the current culture of Indonesia also affect environmental quality. Prolonged monetary crisis that hit Indonesia since 1998 to make social and cultural conditions of the Indonesian nation increasingly alarming. High levels of crime, poverty, and violence, and the level of corruption in Indonesia is part of the indicators of environmental quality low socio-economic-cultural nation.
Source of a very large problem and needs to be addressed immediately is the result of the growing number of residents. The greater the population, the greater the purposes of fulfilling the demands of life such as food, clothing, shelter, health services, education services, employment, and security. Development of science and technology in industrial growth accompanied by a large - scale to meet the human needs of an increasing number of large, caused a decline in the quality of human environment earlier. Humans forget that the carrying capacity of the earth to give life is limited.
Quality of the environment today is already approaching a critical point. The critical current at the point because of two major forces mutually supportive and mutually reinforcing, ie:
1. population growth is not limited to the limited carrying capacity to accommodate waste memghidupinya and life results;
2. technology is not limited to the accompaniment of a human being to dominate the natural environment and spend.
Therefore, in order to get out of the crisis that threatens the planet's life systems of this earth, population growth must be regulated. In addition, human attitudes tend not responsible for and exploit natural memdominasi for the enjoyment and ease of our lives need to change.
Column Geography
Environmental damage can be caused by two factors namely natural events and human activities. Natural events that can cause environmental damage such as volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Human activities can cause environmental damage such as the exploration of natural resources, activities
domestic, and industrial.
B. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), sustainable development (development suptainable) is the construction or development to meet the needs of the present, without compromising the needs of future generations. One of the challenges to achieving sustainable development is how to repair damage to the environment without sacrificing economic interests and social justice.
Other sustainable development challenges is to determine ways to improve the well-being while using natural resources wisely, so that natural resources can be updated can be protected and use of natural resources that can be discharged (non-renewable) at a level where the needs of future generations will still be fulfilled. Therefore, the sustainable development of the three pillars known utamayang interrelated with each other, namely economic, social, and environmental.
C. UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION
BASED ENVIRONMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The environment (especially nature) is the object for the fulfillment of human needs. None of the people in the world needs iniyang not depend on the environment. At the beginning of life, human beings with their environment in order menyusuaikan survive. Keserasisn and the balance applied at the time. Human environmentally friendly, because people live with their environment.
But then, little by little started to changed environment to suit human needs. Even at the present, urgency to meet the needs (and wants) to make people more incentive to use (exploit) the environment. The principle of harmony and balance is becoming obsolete. Humans forget or do not care that the environment will not be exploited forever provide human needs konsta
In the present and future, who is most affected by environmental damage? Surely humans. Humans can not breathe fresh air again due to air pollution. Humans can not drink or use clean water again because of polluted industrial waste. Human beings can no longer reap the rewards of the trees having been felled by the man himself, as well as rare animals began as humans continue to be hunted.
How to use a good environment to be enjoyed on - again and again until kegenerasi the future? Some ways you can do the following sebai.
1. Use enough water. Use is limited to things - things which are important
only, such as for drinking, bathing, and washing. Use of water must also be efficient.
Sought wherever possible there is no water wasted. This
intended to maintain water supplies remain sufficient in the dry season and
save the cost of water (if using an electric or PDAM)
2. Cutting of trees in a responsible manner, not arbitrarily - stared.
Although penebamgan tree is closely related to economic needs and
businesses, need to balance dipertimbangan principle. Logging is carried out not
damage the surrounding environment, so that the possibility of disaster
nature because of logging - amount (such as floods and landslides) can
minimized.
3. Perform daily activities - day can pollute the environment such as water, air, and soil. Examples include water pollution, waste water used in washing and waste into the rivers. Examples include air pollution, waste motor vehicles kenalpot smoke that did not pass emissions and waste gas from concentrated industridan household activities. Examples of land pollution include the provision of substances that damage the soil through fertilizers and insecticides as well as waste material that can not decompose in the ground like plastic.
4. Utilize animals as needed and not to kill or hunt for
reasons that are not important. Apalagidengan using a tool or weapon
can damage the surrounding environment ecosystem. Example use of animals
can damage the ecosystem in the surrounding environment is to take
fish in the sea by using poisons or explosives.
In addition to the use (exploitation) with a good environment and responsible, we also need to do business - the preservation efforts for generations to come can still enjoy the environment that we enjoy today. As some environmental conservation efforts that can be done is as follows.
1. To save money on all existing resources, whether water, soil, growing - plants, and animals.
2. Using environmentally friendly technologies.
3. Improvement of the environment that started or been damaged, such as re-planting (reforestation) on a barren environment, or filtering the water channel and a dirty river.
4. Creating nature reserves and wildlife reserves to protect plants and animals from extinction.
5. Keasrian maintain the environment by not littering.
Column Geography
Garbage or waste has a meaning, something discarded because considered not have value for human benefit. However, due to waste, it does not mean the waste no longer has dayaguna again. Continue to present problems of garbage along with the increasing population and rapid development.
The more widespread use of plastics as wrapping material made problematic waste problem becomes more difficult. Plastic waste tends to be difficult to didegradasiatau dilapukan by nature. As a result of plastic waste will be longer mengotiri environment, this does not include penambahannya every day. Can be imagined if the waste problem can be resolved is not the solution, then the waste would burden the environment and reduce the quality of human life.
One is to overcome the waste recycling or recycling. In this way the garbage that had not seemed worth it, will have a sale value or economic value. Why waste so exciting to be processed, the following are a few reasons.
1. Trash is abundant and readily available
In each area where we'll almost certainly find the garbage with ease, both in cities and villages. Trash usually accumulate in large numbers in the open field, in place - a garbage dump, and also in pingir road. Trash can be derived from packaging materials, manufactured goods, appliances, newspapers, magazines, and the results of such processing of agricultural land and plantations.
2. Trash can be obtained by free
Trash can be taken with just - just, or if purchased garbage usually sold at a low price.
3. Trash requires little capital and labor-intensive nature
Sewage treatment does not require large capital and able meperkerjakan many people, especially in the activities of collection. Therefore garbage can open employment.
Any garbage that allow recycled?
There are various types of waste that can be recycled include:
1. waste paper;
2. plastics;
3. textiles;
4. rubber;
5. glass;
6. household waste and human beings;
7. metal; and
8. aluminum cans.
Waste paper
One of the easy trash we find and easy recycling is a waste of paper. There are several types of paper that need to be known.
1. Writing and printing paper
This type of paper is one of the best quality paper that is thick and has undergone the process of bleaching.
2. Kraft paper
Paper kraft paper is strong enough and often made big bag (peper bag). Usually kraft paper brown.
3. Paper that has been coated
This type of paper normally used for color magazine, posters, and leaflets
4. Pasteboard
Paper cartons are the best kind of thick paper and consists of several layers.
5. Newspaper
Is the type of paper with a quality not too good and have low power.
Waste paper raw material can come from:
• office - the office;
• printing;
• shops - stores;
• storage facilities;
• factory;
• household and
• landfill.
The process of making recycled paper which does not require a simple machine that can be done by anyone.
Equipment needed
• containers of water such as tub or bucket large diameter
• wooden frame with a layer of smooth Kassa ditengahnya functioning as a template
• large boards for drying
Step work
• Mash or destroy waste paper, then mix into the water hinga shaped pulp (pulp). This process can be facilitated by using the blender.
• Stir the mixture of paper with water and then mixed with starch solution. Besides useful as adhesives, starch solution is to stop seepage of ink to paper recycling can be written. Coloring process can be done at this point.
• Dip the mold vertically into a container which has contained so that the pulp layer formed on the gauze pads.
• Move layers in the printed paper onto a board which has been prepared.
• After the paper a bit dry, the drying process can be continued with the paper hanging on the clothesline with a brace.
Once this process is complete it will be obtained ketas recycling.
With this process the waste paper has a high economic value because recycled paper can be resold at a high enough price. In addition, the most important thing of course, we can help menggurangi amount of trash in our lingkungsn.
Analytics
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is a problem with which we are increasingly important to be completed, because it involves safety, and our lives, siappun can participate in solving environmental pollution problems, including us.
Starting from the smallest environment, ourselves, to the larger environment.
Pernasalahan environmental pollution that we must overcome together including, pollution of groundwater and rivers, percemaran urban air, soil contamination by waste, acid rain, global climate change, ozone layer depletion, radioactive contamination, and so on.
To solve the problem of pollution, the environment is, of course, we must know the sources of pollution, how the contamination occurred, and what steps percemaran settlement itself.
Source Pollution
Percamaran dating from various sources and entered the air, water and soil in kinds of ways.
Air pollution mainly comes from motor vehicles, industry, and the burning of garbage, air percemaran can also come from the activities of Mount Merapi.
Sunagi pollution and groundwater primarily from domiestic activities, industry, and agriculture.
Liquid waste mainly domiestik BOD, COD, and organic substances.
Produce industrial wastewater BOD, COD, organic substances, and other toxic pollution.
Liquid waste from agricultural activities, especially in the form of nitrate and phosphate.
Pollution Processes
Process contamination can occur directly or indirectly.
Ie directly pollutants are directly toxic effect and therefore interfering with human health, animals, and plants or disrupt the ecological balance of good water, air mapun soil, an indirect process, ie some chemicals react in the air, water and land, causing pollution, pollution, there who directly felt the impact, such as an immediate health problems (acute disease), will be felt after a certain period of time (chronic disease).
Actually nature has his own ability to cope with pollution (self recovery).
But the limitations of natural memeliki after that limit is exceeded, then the contamination will be permanent in nature or accumulated and then impact on the human, material, animals, plants and ecosystems
• Analyze the environmental pollution problems in the writing above!
• Write down some keywords from the text above to strengthen analisismu
• Questions must be answered when you are analyzing.
1. What causes environmental pollution?
2. Mentioned factors - factors that may cause environmental pollution? What factors Most environmental pollution?
3. Think, the impact of what would happen if environmental pollution is not stopped and how they affect environmental sustainability teradap.
Summary
1. Berdasarakan components, the environment can be grouped into biotic environment and the abiotic environment. But when viewed from the human as the center of study, the environment can be categorized into the natural environment, social environment, and cultural environment.
2. Kualitaas environmental problems are related to population issues.
Population growth is very fast without the accompaniment of less adequate environment will worsen environmental conditions.
3. One prinsif to be held in memamfaatkan and preserving the environment is sustainable development.
4. Sustainable development is development to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations.
Jumat, 31 Desember 2010
CHAPTER 3 NATURAL RESOURCES Distribution
A. Resources and Natural Resources ... ... ... ... ...
B. Classification of Natural Resources ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
C. Distribution of natural resources ... ... ... ... ....
Distribution of natural resources that can be updated ... ...
Distribution of natural resources which can not be updated ... ... ...
D. Management of natural resources is good ... ... ..
Environmentally sound development principles ... ... ... ...
Principle Ekoefesiensi... ... ... ... ... ....
Is a material resource or circumstances can used to meet the needs of human life. Resources contained in various types of forms which consist of human resources, cultural resources, and natural resources. Based on the spreading of natural resources are everywhere and can only be found in certain places. Based on the natural resources of him can be divided into natural resources and renewable natural resources that can not be updated.
To be able to assist you in understanding about natural resources, you can learn it in general in the following concept map.
A. RESOURCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Resources can be defined as a substance or condition that can be used to meet the needs of human life. Land, water, mineral, minerals, and man is a potential resource that could encourage the growth and development of a region. Therefore, all these potentials should be utilized to meet the needs of human life by observing the optimal environmental sustainability.
Resources were not yet in and exploited the potential wealth. Sources will memilikki benefits and a very high value when the human resources to manage a quality, culture, and the mastery of science and high technology.
Resources in a variety of forms. In general, the resources of human resources, cultural resources, and natural resources.
Human resources is the human potential that can be utilized for the welfare of his life.
Human resources include the number, strength, and leadership pikran. Human resources can be grouped into quantitative resources in the form of labor (man power resources) and qualitative resources in the form of mental resources (mental resources).
Cultural resources are resources that come from the creation or work of man, whether in the form of objects and not objects. Resource objects include works of art (dance, poetry, poems, and literary works), roads, buildings, and vehicles.
Natural resources are all the natural wealth in the form of inanimate objects or living things that are on earth, which are beneficial to humans directly or indirectly. In other words, natural resources are all natural wealth, which is in nature that human beings can utilized to meet their needs.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources can be classified according to the source, spreading, objective, and based on the way of him and permanfaatannya.
Based on the source, natural resources are distinguished over natural resources biotic and abiotic resources. Natural resources biotic (organic) is the natural resources that come from living things. Such as timber, fish, coal, petroleum, and marble. Natural resources abiotic (inorganic) of natural resources comes not from living organisms. For example, tin, iron, and quartz.
Based on the spreading, natural resources are divided into two types. First, natural resources are everywhere. For example sun, water, air, agricultural areas, and forests. Second, natural resources can only be found in a particular area. For example, uranium mines, coal mines, and gold mines.
Based on the objective, natural resources divided into three types, namely: natural resource industrial materials: natural resources of food: natural resources and clothing materials.
Natural resources industrial materials are natural resources that generally used as raw material or industrial raw materials. For example clay, kaolin, sulfur. Natural resources of food is the natural resources used as raw materials and clothing manufacture, such as silk and cotton.
Based on the way of him and utilization, natural resources can be divided into natural resources and renewable natural resources that can not be updated.
Natural resources are a renewable natural resource that once used can be restored naturally or through human resources budu. Natural resources include renewable plant resources and animal resources.
Natural resources are non-renewable natural resources which can not be recovered after use. If you can, formation process takes a very long time, thousands and even millions of years.
Types of resources known as mini-style items that include mining of mineral resources of energy resources. The characteristic of the natural resources that can not be updated are as follows.
1. Minerals that quickly drains because of high consumption value and exploited people. For example, petroleum, iron ore, aluminum ore, phosphates, gold, and coal. Minerals that do not quickly drains generally have low consumption values. For example, minerals and various types of rock.
2. Existence unevenly spread, found only a certain area only, and will expire if continually explored and exploited.
C. Distribution NATURAL RESOURCES
Distribution of Natural Resources that can be Updated
Natural resources are a renewable natural resource after use and be recovered, either through human cultivation, as well as naturally. Discussion of natural resources that can be updated, among other resources including agriculture, plantation, forestry, fisheries, and pertenakan.
1. Agriculture
Agriculture is the oldest business people in Indonesia and most absorbing labor. Therefore, Indonesia is known as an agrarian country. Agricultural products is the ultimate rice. Areas have particularly penananman pie on the island of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, and Lombok. Crops other agricultural products are peanuts, soybeans, and corn. Penanamanya areas scattered mainly in Lampung, Central Java, East Java and South Sulawesi.
The management of agriculture conducted olehh people are divided into dry land agriculture. Agricultural land is the agricultural fields of land management menlalui done in a way hoe (plowing), fertilizing and periran system. Agricultural land divided into several fields following types.
Irigrasi Rice, rice farming using irrigation systems regularly and does not depend on rain water.
a. Rainfed rice fields, agricultural fields with irigrasi irregular and dependent on rain water.
b. Tidal rice fields, agricultural fields located near the mouth of the river in the lower mainland or the beach that is affected by the tidal river or sea water.
c. Lowland rice fields, agricultural fields located along the left and right big rivers.
The main crops are rice paddy field. In 2003 Indonesia wet land agriculture produce 48.9 million tons of rice. This amount has increased from tahun2002 dengann production 48.9 million tons of rice.
Read more paddy rice production growth since 2000 is shown in diagram 3.1. Largest rice-producing provinces are East Java province (17.1%), West Java Province (16.9%), and Ttengah Java province (15.6%). Semntara's North Sumatra province produced 3.1 tons (6.5%), South Sulawesi, 3.9 tons (7.6%), and West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Lampung each producing 1.7 tons of paddy
Diagram 3.1. Rice Paddy Production by Island (million tons), from 2000 to 2003.
Tabel 3.1. Rice Paddy Production by Island (tons), from 2000 to 2003.
Province 2000 2001 2002 2003
(!) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Sumatra 10.933.192 10.525.997 10.857.920 11.356.576
Jawa 28.119.245 27.282.469 27.615.900 27.117.723
Bali, Nusa Tenggara 2.548.335 2.514.058 2.445.710 2.474.882
Kalimantan 2.537.190 2.569.761 2.536.423 2.719.507
Sulawesi 4.976.603 4.920.274 5.372.965 5.535.341
Maluku & Papua 92.636 82.953 70.147 11.489
Luar Jawa 21.087.956 20.613.043 21.283.165 22.205.795
Indonesia 49.207.201 47.895.512 48.899.065 49.323.518
Note: The form of dry milled grain production, since the year 1996 conversion of 86.51 percent
Source: Calculated from survey results of Food Crops and vegetables
Tabel 3.2. Area Harvested, Production and yield per hectare of Food Crops, 2000 to 2003.
Plant type unit 2000 2001 2003 2004
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Padi
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Rice Fields
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Paddy Field
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Maize
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Cassava
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Sweet Potatoes
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Peanut
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Soybean
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
11,793,5
51.898,9
44,0
10.617,6
49.207,2
46,3
1.175,9
2.691,7
22,9
3.500,3
9.679,9
27,7
1.284,0
16.089,0
125,0
194,3
1.827,7
94,0
683,6
736,5
10,8
824,5
1.017,6
12,3
11.500,0
50.460,8
43,9
10.419,4
47.895,5
46,0
1.080,6
2.565,3
23,7
3.285,9
9.347,2
28,5
1.317,9
17.054,6
129,0
181,0
1.749,9
97,0
654,8
709,8
10,8
678,8
826,9
12,2
11.521,1
51.489,7
44,7
10.457,0
48.899,1
46,8
1.064,2
2.590,6
24,3
3.126,8
9.654,1
30,9
1.276,5
16.913,1
132,0
177,3
1771,6
100,0
647,0
718,1
11,1
544,5
673,1
12,4
11.477,4
52.078,8
45,4
10.384,7
49.323,5
47,5
1.092,7
2.755,3
25,2
3.354,7
10.910,1
32,5
1.239,7
18.474,0
149,0
198,2
1.997,8
101,0
682,9
784,8
11,5
526,7
672,4
12,8
Dry land agriculture is agriculture carried out in yards, fields, and fields. Yards is a very important area and has a very high economical. Results yards mainly horticultural crops, fruit - fruits, and vegetables - vegetables. Agricultural fields is a process of agricultural land in open forest or scrub. Land is generally only used a few times, then abandoned.
Other plants are planted in fields such as paddy gogo form. Agricultural fields is a process of agricultural land by relying on rain water. Agricultural fields produce among other rancah gogo rice, cassava, maize, and peanuts.
1. Plantation
Plantation is an attempt to dry land by planting certain commodities. Plantation business in Indonesia can be viewed from various aspects. Based on the types of plants, plantations can be differentiated into plantations with seasonal plants, such as tobacco and sugar cane plantations and annual crops, such as rubber, coffee, palm oil, clove, chocolate, and nutmeg.
Based on the business side, the plantation can be divided into people's estates and large estates. Plantation is a plantation of the people exploited by the population with little capital and a narrow area. Plantation people usually managed traditionally by the relatively limited. Therefore, people's coffee plantation forests are generally more like coffee than the coffee plantations.
In 2003, vast plantations of the people in Indonesia reached 13.34 million ha. Other plants are in try include rubber, coconut, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, tea, cinnamon, pepper, tobacco, and ginger. The complete data about the area and crop production by smallholders crop 2000 - 2003 can be seen in Table 3.3.
Conversely, a large plantation estates which were cultivated with a very large capital and high technology. The cultivated land is very broad to reach hundreds or even thousands of hectares. Large estates usually earned by the parties in private or state owned enterprises (SOEs).
Table 3.3. Area and Production (thousand tons) People's Plants by Type of Plantation Crops (thousand ha), from 2000 to 2003
Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003
Size
Product size Product size Product size Product
Long-lived plants
Rubber
Coconut
Palm oil
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Kapok
Cashew
Nutmeg
Cinnamon
Pecan
Pinang
Pepper
Vanilla
Cardamom
Short-lived plants
Tobacco Lemongrass
Distance
Patchouli
Ginger
3.046,0
3.601,7
1.190,2
1.321,2
641,1
67,1
249,2
572,4
52,8
128,2
205,4
82,6
150,2
14,6
6,1
163,1
5,8
12,8
12,8
25,6
1.125,2
2.951,0
1.977,8
585,2
353,6
39,5
84,5
84,2
19,8
52,2
73,7
37,6
69,0
1,9
1,9
140,0
0,9
1,8
1,1
13,3
3.624,5
3.819,0
1.566,0
1.259,5
708,3
67,6
244,4
558,8
59,0
135,1
205,2
102,0
185,7
14,6
6,6
256,7
3,9
21,4
14,6
21,0
1.723,3
3.069,0
2.800,7
542,6
560,4
40,2
83,8
91,2
21,6
76,9
77,4
45,6
82,0
2,2
2,2
196,4
0,3
2,9
1,1
105,3
3.706,3
3.806,0
1795,3
1.354,0
803,2
66,3
225,2
601,1
61,1
136,8
212,5
107,2
203,8
15,8
7,1
252,0
3,7
9,6
21,6
22,2
1.776,2
3.010,9
3.134,3
666,0
564,4
44,8
79,0
116,0
23,1
77,9
88,5
42,3
90,1
2,7
3,6
189,3
0,3
2,2
1,5
110,7
3.796,9
382,3
1.810,7
1.360,8
817,0
67,7
225,7
604,1
61,4
136,9
212,5
107,9
203,8
15,8
7,3
254,2
3,8
9,0
21,9
25,4
1.788,8
3.141,7
3.648,8
669,4
572,9
44,9
75,9
118,3
23,3
91,9
89,2
42,9
90,3
2,4
3,8
205,0
0,4
2,8
1,5
112,3
In 2003, a large plantation area in Indonesia reached 38.2 million ha. Cultivated plants which include rubber, coconut, palm oil, tea, quinine, sugar cane, and tobacco. More extensive data on crop production and large estates 2000-2003 by type of plant can be seen in Table 3.4
Table 3.4. Area and Production (thousand tons) of plantation crops at the beginning of Year by Type of Crop (thousand ha), 2000-2003.
Plant type 2000 2001 2002 2003
size Product size Product size Product size Product
Long-lived plants
Rubber
Rubber
Coconut
Palm oil
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Kapok
Quinine
Short-lived plants
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Rami
3.046,0
549,0
94,9
2.440,5
63,2
157,8
90,0
4,5
1,3
388,5
5,2
1,6
1.125,2
375,8
96,7
4.574,5
1.039,7
28,3
57,7
123,1
1,0
1.708,1
6,1
2,6
3.624,5
48,0
78,5
2.691,9
62,5
158,6
83,3
4,7
1,2
393,9
5,3
1,4
1.723,3
316,3
94,0
5016,4
1.137,9
27,0
57,9
126,7
1,3
1.824,6
5,5
2,4
3.706,3
545,3
78,9
2.786,1
61,3
156,7
84,4
4,7
1,2
397,8
5,1
1,3
1.776,2
327,4
87,6
5.227,3
1194,8
26,4
57,4
120,4
1,3
1.853,8
5,2
2,3
3.796,9
543,4
78,9
2.875,3
60,7
155,4
84,7
4,7
1,1
398,6
4,9
1,3
1.788,8
332,5
87,6
5.456,7
1.231,8
26,1
57,2
122,6
1,4
1.876,6
5,3
2,3
Several other plants are cultivated in perkebunana both smallholders and large estates such as rubber, oil palm, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, clove, coffee, and chocolate.
a. Rubber (Havea Braziliensis)
Rubber is a plant that comes from brazil. Rubber plants require fertile soil, with air temperatures of about 24C with a rainfall of about 2500-4.000mm per year. After the plants were old enough, the rod was tapped to take the rubber resin. Gum-mangkoko accommodated in a bowl attached to a rubber tree.
Intercepts sap called latex. In order thickens, latex given ant acid (vinegar). After that, the mixture is thickened using a wringer squeezed to produce a thick sheet called sheet.
To avoid fungal done pengapasan process.
Sheets that had inhaled smoke sheet named. These sheets undergo a process of exploitation resulting sheets thinner called crepe.
These sheets are traded and used as industrial raw materials, manufacturers of rubber goods, such as tire manufacturers, medical equipment, and household goods manufacturers.
Apart from Malaysia and Sri Lanka, Indonesia known as one of the largest rubber producing countries in duni. Rubber plantation area in Indonesia, especially in the receiving areas, the largest North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, West Java, East Java and South Kalimantan.
b. Palm oil (Elais guineensis)
Palm oil is a plant that originated from the beach guinea (Affrika). Palm plants need loose soil with air temperatures of around 24C. The plant is grown in areas with short dry season and a rainfall between 2000-4000mm per year.
Palm plants produce palm oil which is the raw material manufacture cooking oil, soap, and margarine. Oil palm plantations in Indonesia, especially the largest in the region of North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi and Kalimantan.
c. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum. L.)
Tobacco is a plant that originated from Mexico (United States). These plants can grow in various regions, except in polar regions.
Tobacco plantations in Indonesia, especially in the area are Deli (North Sumatra), Surakarta, Klaten (Central Java), Besuki, and Bojonegoro (East Java). Tobacco processed as raw material for making cigarettes. Most of the tobacco plantations of Indonesia exported and auctioned in Bremen (Germany).
d.Tebu (saccharum officinarum L)
Probably derived sugarcane area around the river Ganges (India). Sugarcane plants grown on low land areas (0-600mm) which contains water with air temperatures of around 24C and having a long dry season.
Sugar cane plantations spread over many islands of Java, especially in Cirebon, Pekalongan, Pati, Madiun, Kediri, Malang, Besuki, and Jember. Sugar cane is the raw material to manufacture granulated sugar and flavor.
e. Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Tea is a plant that originated in China and Assam (India). Most of the plants are grown in Indonesia is the kind that comes from the region with tanh penggunungan a fertile, sunny, and cool air. Plantations in Indonesia, the spread in the region of North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Ttengah Java and East Java.
f. Clove (Eugenia arimatica O.K.)
Cloves are native to Indonesia who came from the Moluccas. This plant requires a fertile soil and cool air. Plant part used form of interest is then dried and then used as raw material for the cigarette industry, pharmaceutical industry, and spice ingredients. Spread tanman clove in Indonesia, especially in the area are North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Java, Manado, and the Moluccas.
g. Coffee (Coffea canephora)
Types of coffee grown in Indonesia consists of Arabica coffee from South Abesinia, Liberian coffee comes from Angola, dank poi rabusta also came from Congo (Africa). Coffee Plant yng most widely cultivated in Indonesia is robusta kpoi. This type of coffee has more advantages compared with other types, among other things can grow in low lands, than to the pest and disease, the fruit very much, and can be planted in intercropping system. Coffee plants cultivated in many areas Tapanuli (North Sumatra), South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, Bali and South Sulawesi.
h. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Chocolate is a plant that originated from America. In Indonesia, this plant has not been attempted. Brown plants can grow in tropical and subtropical. Cocoa plantations in Indonesia, mainly scattered in the area of Pekalongan, West Sumatra, Semarang, Sulawesi, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara.
3. Forestry
Forest is a community area flora and fauna as a whole is a natural community of life along with the natural biological environment. Indonesia's forest area reached about 110 million hectares consisting of forest, production forest, conversion forest, and forest production can be converted.
Forests are natural resources exploited by the earliest humans. At the beginning of human civilization, part of the forest can be utilized is still very limited. After people discovered the technology, shrinking forest area with a speed that is very worrying. Logging, and conversion of forests into agricultural land, residential, and industrial area to encourage the reduction of forest.
The decline of forest cover is increasing the vulnerability of that territory to disasters, both disasters, whether drought, floods or landslides. In addition, the forest loss would cause the loss of various species of animals and plants.
Forests as natural resources is very useful for human life. Forest products that can be used humans are many and varied. Some forest products that until now many explored include wood, rattan, and resin.
a. Wood
Wood is the main result of the forest. Wood logs can be (round), sawn timber and plywood. Types of logs (round) which has a very high economic value and the export commodities include teak, meranti, ebony, mahogany, ramin, camphor, ulin, iron wood, and sandalwood. The types of wood are mainly produced from the forest on the island of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua.
Wood production of forest products since 1999 continue to experience a significant decline. Based on data from the Ministry of Forestry, in 1999 roundwood production reached 20.6 million m³, sawn timber 2.1 million m³, and plywood 4.6 million m³. In 2002, production decreased mangalami. Forest timber production data by type of production in 2002 can be seen in diagram 3.2
b. Rattan
Rattan is the second forest product after timber. Rattan mainly produced by the forest on the island of Borneo. Rattan is widely used as industrial raw materials and the furniture industry.
c. Damar
Damar is a timber forest products derived from certain plants in the forest. Rosin is used for paints, varnishes, and even perfume. Damar forests are scattered throughout the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.
In addition to the above results, the forests of Indonesia also produces gutta-percha and camphor. Gutta-percha produced by the forests on the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan, is used for wrapping wire and a golf ball. Camphor is produced by many forests in Aceh and Tapanuli. Camphor is used to mix perfumes.
Several types of forest products other than wood and the amount produced in 2002 can be seen in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5. Sign up Production of Forest Products by Type, 2000 to 2002.
Type of goods
unit 2000 2001 2002
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Rattan
Gondrorukem
Turpentine
Eucalyptus oil
Damar
ton
ton
ton
ton
ton 94.752
27.589
3.570
174.338
3.342 23.836
30.126
4.076
157.417
2.921 17.779
28.953
2.993
188.264
1.131
1. Fishing
Fishing is fishing effort and the maintenance of good fish in inland waters and marine waters. Therefore, we know of fisheries land and sea fisheries.
a. Fishing ground
Inland fisheries is the capture and maintenance efforts in inland water fish, including fresh water fisheries (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and swamps) and brackish water fisheries. Types of inland water fish culture in ponds is generally done, rushing water pond, and Karamba. Cultivation of many types cultivated in brackish waters are generally in the form of shrimp and fish species fish. Cultivation in brackish waters are generally cultivated on the beach in the form of ponds and pond. Brackish water fisheries cultivated in many areas of North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung, and the northern coast of Java Island.
b. Sea Fishing
Sea Fishing is fishing effort carried out in the sea, around the coast or at sea. Sea fishery activities in Indonesia is very potential and important role that the Indonesian waters since very large. Center for marine fisheries in Indonesia are in Bagan Siapi-fire (Riau), Tegal (Central Java), MUNCAR (Banyuwangi, East Java), Kota Baru (South Kalimantan), Makassar (South Sulawesi), Water Copper (North Sulawesi), and Ambon.
Based on data from the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries and the Directorate General of Aquaculture, fish production in 2001 for the type of business tanbak is 454.7 thousand tons, from business 222.8 thousand tons of ponds, from business karamba 39.3 thousand tons, of marine fisheries 3.9 million tons, of rice cultivation (paddy mina) approximately 98 thousand tons. Data can be seen in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6. Fishery production by Island and Sector (tons), from 2000 to 2001
island Sea Fishing Fishing Land
Pond
Pool
Karamba Rice
2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Sumatra
Jawa
Bali & Nusa tenggara
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku dan papua
1.180.667
820.774
223.057
284.344
734.269
564.080 1.242.628
929.072
229.691
302.632
751.902
510.555 67.056
211.729
9.716
16.047
124.839
630 71.331
225.813
10.026
19.772
127.166
652 50.621
147.968
2.313
2.524
9.502
1.465
52.874
153.117
2.372
2.567
10.393
1.469 5.675
7.421
24
10.554
1.751
348 14.810
9.352
818
12.198
1.815
347
17.739
67.170
1.311
197
6.646
0 18.919
72.3801.003
185
5.703
0
Indonesia 3.807.191 3.966.480 430.017 454.710 214.393 222.792 25.773 39.340 93.063 98.190
1. Livestock
Livestock is an activity and maintain a useful animal mengembangbiakan to meet human needs. Many cultivated farm activities as a sideline. Animals are usually kept around the home environment, which is known as benign cattle home. In some other areas in Indonesia cultivated farm of two ways, among others.
• Benign cages, in groups of cattle in a pasture during the day and evening kembal cattle herded into the barn.
• wild animals, farm animals are released freely in the meadow, either day or night. Animals marked only by the owner and arrested if necessary.
In Indonesia, not grouped according to farm business size is based on what type of domesticated animals.
Based on the type of domesticated animals, livestock in Indonesia can be divided into large animal farms, petenakan small animals, and poultry.
a. Large animal husbandry
Large hewn ranch activities include buffaloes, cows, and horses. The results of this farm is for cattle, dairy, and certain goals. Livestock in West Nusa Tenggra generally released in the pasture, only a small part of dikandangkan. In contrast, in Java, and generally dikandangkan cattle maintained around the house, and released in the area of agriculture or in the garden.
Cattle buffalo are domesticated animals of the oldest houses in Indonesia. Livestock is much cultivated in areas Tapanuli (North Sumatra), West Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, Bali, and Manggarai (Flores, East Nusa Tenggara). Buffalo widely used to pull carts and oxen plowing.
Cows are large animals of the most widely cultivated, There are various types of cattle in Indonesia, but there is the most widely cultivated is the cow of Java, Madura cattle, beef Bali. Cattle Madura and Bali cattle have been developed evenly in the area of East Nusa Tenggara. In addition, efforts are also a lot of cattle found in the area of North Sumatra, Lampung, Sulawesi, Java, and Madura.
Seeds for cattle horses, imported from Saudi Arabia, Persia, and Mongolia and conducted cross-breeding, resulting in new types of horses such as horse Sandel (Sumbawa), Tapanuli horses, horses Makassar, Java and horses. Many cultivated horse farm in East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Tapanuli (North Sumatra) and South Sulawesi.
Cattle horse once widely used for transportation as oxen pulling a cart, wagon, carriage, and the royal army vehicles. However, this horse is bred for entertainment (horse racing).
b. Animal husbandry are
Activities include animal husbandry farms are kamning, sheep, sheep, and pigs. Livestock is often called the family cattle, because most Indonesian farmers to maintain. Goats and sheep are scattered throughout Java, Madura, and Sumatra.
c. Pertenakan poultry
Pertenakan poultry activities are cattle raising activities with wings and two legs, such as chickens, ducks and birds. Chickens bred as cut chicken (broiler) and chicken pertelur.
We have also developed many of the mountain cattle business. Generally, this activity is done as a hobby. However, this activity is enough potential in providing additional income.
At first, the activities carried out as poultry pertenakan side activities. However, this time also began pertenakkan activities conducted in a large scale by some entrepreneurs. Pertenakan poultry companies in the region dikembangkna many large cities such as Medan, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Suarbaya, Makassar, Manado.
Distribution of Natural Resources can not Updated
Natural resources are non-renewable natural resource which can not be recovered after use and disposable discharged.
The discussion about the distribution of natural resources which can not be updated includes minerals, in the form of fuel consisting of petroleum, natural gas and coal and metal minerals consist of iron, tin, bauskit, copper, gold, and silver
1. Petroleum
Petroleum is a source of energy very penting.Minyak earth is the main energy source for industrial machinery and motor vehicles.
Petroleum is formed from mikroplankton found in lakes, swamps, bays, and shallow sea. After death, the mengendapa in mikroplankton base and mixed with mud, so the experience is not perfect decomposition, called sapropelium. Because of pressure from layers of sediment that are above the long-standing and continuous, sediment it undergoes the process of distillation. Finally saprolium became petroleum.
There is oil in the skin layers of the earth called oil tendon. This oil tank is generally shaped fault, trap Stratigraphy, reservoir layer depletion, salt domes, and coral reefs. Minyk Earth Farm in Indonesia spread in North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Palembang., West Java, Central Java, East Kalimantan, and Papua. Obtained from oil drilling.
Over the last five years, oil production fluctuated showing a downward trend of production. Compared with the year 2002, the year 2003 oil production has decreased as much as 3.92% of 474, million barrels to 456.3 million barrels. (1 barrel = 158.99 liters = 1 / 6, 2898m3).
2. Gas
Natural gas is often found at ekspolasi activities of associated petroleum gas and nonassociated gas. Associated gas is found by means of gas with oil at a petroleum refinery. Natural gas obtained from oil processing is called LPG (LPG = Liguified Petroleum Gas). The dalah gas nonassociate gas produced from gas reserves that are not mixed with oil. The results of processing is called LNG (Natural Gas Liqufied).
Either natural gas reserves of LPG and LNG ditemukkan many oil field in Arun (Aceh Darussalam Nanggore), Rantau Prapat (North Sumatra), Dunai (Riau), Musi (South Sumatra), Balongan (West Java), Cilacap (Central Java) , Badak, Bontang (East Kalimantan), and the Natuna Sea.
The trend decline in oil production also experienced by the production of natural gas. However in 2003 production has increased from 2041.9 million MSCF (1MSCF = 1 / 35, 3m3) in 2002 to 3057.8 million MSCF.
3. Coal
Coal is formed from fossilized plants ybg prehistoric rock buried by sediment hundreds of years yng lalu.Adanya carbonization process for a long time, the remains of these plants in a row will turn into lignite, coal, anthracite, graphite, and diamond . Prior to becoming a young coal, fossil plants, it first became peat.
Obtained by coal mining activities. Coal mining in general done in several ways as follows.
a. Open pit mining (open pit), if; apisan large coal and only covered by a layer of soil or rock thin.
b. Mining copies of the hill, if the coal layer is located equally or possession of the mountain side.
c. Mining in) close-mining), if the layer of coal arriving standing upright or nearly evenly and buried hundreds of meters thick and deep.
Indonesia has potentially large coal contained in Umbilin (West Sumatra), hill Acid (South Sumatra), East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.
4. Iron
Bersal iron from materials mixed with soil and sand as a sediment. A unsure iron white metal, like silver shiny, easy to extend, is formed, and rust. Iron ore are scattered throughout the island of Nias (North Sumatra), Iron Mountain (West Sumatra), river rocks and ponds (Jambi), Gunug Chain (Lampung), Sebuku Island (South Kalimantan), Sintang (West Kalimantan), Kotawaringin (Central Kalimantan ), hill Kingdom (South Sulawesi), and mountian Verbeek (Central Sulawesi).
2. Tin
Timah granite rocks found on the bedrock. After experiencing pelaukan granite rocks, geological ore into tumah tin primary and secondary tin. Primary tin is a tin in granitic rocks in the earth or called gunug tin. The secondary lead is the lead contained in the land, based on river valleys or the sea floor. Formed from secondary tin tin mountain has experienced weathering processes, and then in pengankutan in endapkan estuaries. Tin ore are scattered throughout the island of Bangka, Belitung, Linga, and Singkep.
3. Bauxite
Bauxite is a mixture of colloidal aluminum oxide (AI) and ferum (Zn) contained in the soil. At the time of weathering and rock have been destroyed, the element oxygen (O ²), silisium (Sil) and ferum (Zn) of water washed away. As a result, a lot of ground formed containing aluminum (AI), such as those found on the island of Bintan. Bauxite is usually used to make household appliances such as pots, spoons, plates, electrical appliances and packaging. Bauxite are scattered throughout the area and the island of Bintan Island Transport and Kojang, in the Riau Islands.
4. Gold and silver
Gold and silver mines are the oldest materials known to man. Both types of minerals have been used since hundreds of man years ago. Both types of minerals are often found in conjunction with other minerals such as copper, zinc, and platinum.
The most easily recognizable gold because it's yellow, soft, and easily formed. Gold are scattered throughout the region of North Sumatra, Rejang Lebong, (Bengkulu), West Java (Mount Pongkor), Central Java, East Java, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Bolaang Mongondow (North Sulawesi), Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku.
Based on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the production of some types of mining in Indonesia from 2000-2003 are shown Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Mining Production by Type of Goods, 2000 to 2003
Type of goods
unit 2000 2001 2002 2003
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Oil
Gas
Tin
Coal
Bauxite
Nickel ore
Gold
Silver
Sand iron
Asphalt
Manganese ore
Copper concentrate
000 brl
000Mscf
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
Kg
Kg
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton 515.503
2.901.327
50.166
76.936.095
1.156.248
3.349.280
117.581
334.635
537.967
8.701
30.195
3.193.499 490.145
2.807.150
61.863
90.351.844
1.275.634
3.635.351
166.091
348.332
490.073
1.044
24.874
3.289.499 474.884
3.041.875
88.142
103.060.426
1.283.485
4.366.235
142.238
288.806
378.587
976
19.985
3.786.695 456.282
3.057.838
71.695
106.754.868
1.262.705
4.395.429
141.019
278.986
245.409
385
16.960
3.238.308
A. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOOD
All good natural resources and the real potential to be utilized effectively and may seefesien survival of nation and state. This is stipulated in the Act - Act No. 4 of 1982 on environmental management and the 1945 Constitution Article 33 which established that natural resources are used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people. Kemakmran should be enjoyed by current generations and the future. This means that the current generation should be careful in exploiting and utilizing natural resources, so that future generations can still enjoy it. For that we need to understand and apply the principles of sustainable ekoefisiensi principles.
Principles and Sustainable Environment Concept
Natural resources on earth is an essential resource for human survival. Lost or reduced availability of natural resources will impact on human survival. Therefore, the fundamental problems with respect to natural resource management is how to manage natural resources, in order to yield benefits as much as possible for people without sacrificing pa preservation of natural resources themselves. Management is so-called principle of environmentally sound and sustainable.
Management of natural resources and sustainable environmental perspective has been done a long time. However, high population growth and accompanied with the increasing human needs menyyebabkan exploitation of natural resources excessively. As a result, negative impacts, such as the extinction of flora and fauna, landslides, floods, and environmental pollution. If this is allowed to continue, future generations can no longer enjoy the natural resources available at this time.
In order to place the harmony and environmental balance and to maintain environmental carrying capacity, the utilization and management of natural resources and sustainable environmental perspective needs to be intensified. The purpose of natural resource management are environmentally sound and sustainable include the following things.
1. achieved a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment, with the aim of developing the whole person.
2. uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources wisely.
3. As with the builder of human realization of the environment.
4. implementation of development for the benefit of present and future.
Some examples of management of environmentally sound and sustainable in order to take advantage of natural resources among other minerals as follows.
1. reduce inefficient exploitation and excessive.
2. export minerals in the form of objects so that has an economic value is higher.
3. energy saving and trying to find alternative environmentally friendly replacement.
4. pengembanga conduct research and to find new areas or to create environmentally friendly technologies.
Principle Ekoefesiensi
Utilization of natural resources as described earlier can disrupt the balance of the environment. One of them is environmental pollution. However, humans also can maintain and restore ecological balance through knowledge and technology. Through the use of science and technology, humans can improve the production process while reducing negative environmental impacts. This trsebut stipulated in Penerintah Regulation No.29 year 1986 which is a translation of one of the articles of Law No. 4 tahun1982. in the Act there is the necessity of EIA (environmental impact assessment) in any activity which pembanguna expected to have an impact on the environment. For example, the excavation activities of a type of mineral or established industry.
Business management that combines economic principles with environmental protection principles ekoefesiensi called. Ekoefesiensi principle means an increase in the production process with little cost and with minimal environmental impact. Ekoefisiensi principle holds to the following matters.
1. Save and pay attention in the future needs or future generations.
2. efktivitas achieve high usage.
3. not interfere with the integrity or sustainability of natural resources other.
For example, savings in resources means using natural resources with full awareness by taking into account the interests of tomorrow. This can be measured objectively and simple. For example, in the use of electric energy or water at home or school. In addition to savings business, which is not less important is pemelihaaan existing resources. Resource is preserved to be enjoyed by generations to come.
B. Classification of Natural Resources ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
C. Distribution of natural resources ... ... ... ... ....
Distribution of natural resources that can be updated ... ...
Distribution of natural resources which can not be updated ... ... ...
D. Management of natural resources is good ... ... ..
Environmentally sound development principles ... ... ... ...
Principle Ekoefesiensi... ... ... ... ... ....
Is a material resource or circumstances can used to meet the needs of human life. Resources contained in various types of forms which consist of human resources, cultural resources, and natural resources. Based on the spreading of natural resources are everywhere and can only be found in certain places. Based on the natural resources of him can be divided into natural resources and renewable natural resources that can not be updated.
To be able to assist you in understanding about natural resources, you can learn it in general in the following concept map.
A. RESOURCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Resources can be defined as a substance or condition that can be used to meet the needs of human life. Land, water, mineral, minerals, and man is a potential resource that could encourage the growth and development of a region. Therefore, all these potentials should be utilized to meet the needs of human life by observing the optimal environmental sustainability.
Resources were not yet in and exploited the potential wealth. Sources will memilikki benefits and a very high value when the human resources to manage a quality, culture, and the mastery of science and high technology.
Resources in a variety of forms. In general, the resources of human resources, cultural resources, and natural resources.
Human resources is the human potential that can be utilized for the welfare of his life.
Human resources include the number, strength, and leadership pikran. Human resources can be grouped into quantitative resources in the form of labor (man power resources) and qualitative resources in the form of mental resources (mental resources).
Cultural resources are resources that come from the creation or work of man, whether in the form of objects and not objects. Resource objects include works of art (dance, poetry, poems, and literary works), roads, buildings, and vehicles.
Natural resources are all the natural wealth in the form of inanimate objects or living things that are on earth, which are beneficial to humans directly or indirectly. In other words, natural resources are all natural wealth, which is in nature that human beings can utilized to meet their needs.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources can be classified according to the source, spreading, objective, and based on the way of him and permanfaatannya.
Based on the source, natural resources are distinguished over natural resources biotic and abiotic resources. Natural resources biotic (organic) is the natural resources that come from living things. Such as timber, fish, coal, petroleum, and marble. Natural resources abiotic (inorganic) of natural resources comes not from living organisms. For example, tin, iron, and quartz.
Based on the spreading, natural resources are divided into two types. First, natural resources are everywhere. For example sun, water, air, agricultural areas, and forests. Second, natural resources can only be found in a particular area. For example, uranium mines, coal mines, and gold mines.
Based on the objective, natural resources divided into three types, namely: natural resource industrial materials: natural resources of food: natural resources and clothing materials.
Natural resources industrial materials are natural resources that generally used as raw material or industrial raw materials. For example clay, kaolin, sulfur. Natural resources of food is the natural resources used as raw materials and clothing manufacture, such as silk and cotton.
Based on the way of him and utilization, natural resources can be divided into natural resources and renewable natural resources that can not be updated.
Natural resources are a renewable natural resource that once used can be restored naturally or through human resources budu. Natural resources include renewable plant resources and animal resources.
Natural resources are non-renewable natural resources which can not be recovered after use. If you can, formation process takes a very long time, thousands and even millions of years.
Types of resources known as mini-style items that include mining of mineral resources of energy resources. The characteristic of the natural resources that can not be updated are as follows.
1. Minerals that quickly drains because of high consumption value and exploited people. For example, petroleum, iron ore, aluminum ore, phosphates, gold, and coal. Minerals that do not quickly drains generally have low consumption values. For example, minerals and various types of rock.
2. Existence unevenly spread, found only a certain area only, and will expire if continually explored and exploited.
C. Distribution NATURAL RESOURCES
Distribution of Natural Resources that can be Updated
Natural resources are a renewable natural resource after use and be recovered, either through human cultivation, as well as naturally. Discussion of natural resources that can be updated, among other resources including agriculture, plantation, forestry, fisheries, and pertenakan.
1. Agriculture
Agriculture is the oldest business people in Indonesia and most absorbing labor. Therefore, Indonesia is known as an agrarian country. Agricultural products is the ultimate rice. Areas have particularly penananman pie on the island of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, and Lombok. Crops other agricultural products are peanuts, soybeans, and corn. Penanamanya areas scattered mainly in Lampung, Central Java, East Java and South Sulawesi.
The management of agriculture conducted olehh people are divided into dry land agriculture. Agricultural land is the agricultural fields of land management menlalui done in a way hoe (plowing), fertilizing and periran system. Agricultural land divided into several fields following types.
Irigrasi Rice, rice farming using irrigation systems regularly and does not depend on rain water.
a. Rainfed rice fields, agricultural fields with irigrasi irregular and dependent on rain water.
b. Tidal rice fields, agricultural fields located near the mouth of the river in the lower mainland or the beach that is affected by the tidal river or sea water.
c. Lowland rice fields, agricultural fields located along the left and right big rivers.
The main crops are rice paddy field. In 2003 Indonesia wet land agriculture produce 48.9 million tons of rice. This amount has increased from tahun2002 dengann production 48.9 million tons of rice.
Read more paddy rice production growth since 2000 is shown in diagram 3.1. Largest rice-producing provinces are East Java province (17.1%), West Java Province (16.9%), and Ttengah Java province (15.6%). Semntara's North Sumatra province produced 3.1 tons (6.5%), South Sulawesi, 3.9 tons (7.6%), and West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Lampung each producing 1.7 tons of paddy
Diagram 3.1. Rice Paddy Production by Island (million tons), from 2000 to 2003.
Tabel 3.1. Rice Paddy Production by Island (tons), from 2000 to 2003.
Province 2000 2001 2002 2003
(!) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Sumatra 10.933.192 10.525.997 10.857.920 11.356.576
Jawa 28.119.245 27.282.469 27.615.900 27.117.723
Bali, Nusa Tenggara 2.548.335 2.514.058 2.445.710 2.474.882
Kalimantan 2.537.190 2.569.761 2.536.423 2.719.507
Sulawesi 4.976.603 4.920.274 5.372.965 5.535.341
Maluku & Papua 92.636 82.953 70.147 11.489
Luar Jawa 21.087.956 20.613.043 21.283.165 22.205.795
Indonesia 49.207.201 47.895.512 48.899.065 49.323.518
Note: The form of dry milled grain production, since the year 1996 conversion of 86.51 percent
Source: Calculated from survey results of Food Crops and vegetables
Tabel 3.2. Area Harvested, Production and yield per hectare of Food Crops, 2000 to 2003.
Plant type unit 2000 2001 2003 2004
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Padi
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Rice Fields
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Paddy Field
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Maize
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Cassava
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Sweet Potatoes
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Peanut
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
Soybean
Area Harvested
Production
Average - Average
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
(000 ha)
(000 ton)
(kw / ha)
11,793,5
51.898,9
44,0
10.617,6
49.207,2
46,3
1.175,9
2.691,7
22,9
3.500,3
9.679,9
27,7
1.284,0
16.089,0
125,0
194,3
1.827,7
94,0
683,6
736,5
10,8
824,5
1.017,6
12,3
11.500,0
50.460,8
43,9
10.419,4
47.895,5
46,0
1.080,6
2.565,3
23,7
3.285,9
9.347,2
28,5
1.317,9
17.054,6
129,0
181,0
1.749,9
97,0
654,8
709,8
10,8
678,8
826,9
12,2
11.521,1
51.489,7
44,7
10.457,0
48.899,1
46,8
1.064,2
2.590,6
24,3
3.126,8
9.654,1
30,9
1.276,5
16.913,1
132,0
177,3
1771,6
100,0
647,0
718,1
11,1
544,5
673,1
12,4
11.477,4
52.078,8
45,4
10.384,7
49.323,5
47,5
1.092,7
2.755,3
25,2
3.354,7
10.910,1
32,5
1.239,7
18.474,0
149,0
198,2
1.997,8
101,0
682,9
784,8
11,5
526,7
672,4
12,8
Dry land agriculture is agriculture carried out in yards, fields, and fields. Yards is a very important area and has a very high economical. Results yards mainly horticultural crops, fruit - fruits, and vegetables - vegetables. Agricultural fields is a process of agricultural land in open forest or scrub. Land is generally only used a few times, then abandoned.
Other plants are planted in fields such as paddy gogo form. Agricultural fields is a process of agricultural land by relying on rain water. Agricultural fields produce among other rancah gogo rice, cassava, maize, and peanuts.
1. Plantation
Plantation is an attempt to dry land by planting certain commodities. Plantation business in Indonesia can be viewed from various aspects. Based on the types of plants, plantations can be differentiated into plantations with seasonal plants, such as tobacco and sugar cane plantations and annual crops, such as rubber, coffee, palm oil, clove, chocolate, and nutmeg.
Based on the business side, the plantation can be divided into people's estates and large estates. Plantation is a plantation of the people exploited by the population with little capital and a narrow area. Plantation people usually managed traditionally by the relatively limited. Therefore, people's coffee plantation forests are generally more like coffee than the coffee plantations.
In 2003, vast plantations of the people in Indonesia reached 13.34 million ha. Other plants are in try include rubber, coconut, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, tea, cinnamon, pepper, tobacco, and ginger. The complete data about the area and crop production by smallholders crop 2000 - 2003 can be seen in Table 3.3.
Conversely, a large plantation estates which were cultivated with a very large capital and high technology. The cultivated land is very broad to reach hundreds or even thousands of hectares. Large estates usually earned by the parties in private or state owned enterprises (SOEs).
Table 3.3. Area and Production (thousand tons) People's Plants by Type of Plantation Crops (thousand ha), from 2000 to 2003
Plant Type 2000 2001 2002 2003
Size
Product size Product size Product size Product
Long-lived plants
Rubber
Coconut
Palm oil
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Kapok
Cashew
Nutmeg
Cinnamon
Pecan
Pinang
Pepper
Vanilla
Cardamom
Short-lived plants
Tobacco Lemongrass
Distance
Patchouli
Ginger
3.046,0
3.601,7
1.190,2
1.321,2
641,1
67,1
249,2
572,4
52,8
128,2
205,4
82,6
150,2
14,6
6,1
163,1
5,8
12,8
12,8
25,6
1.125,2
2.951,0
1.977,8
585,2
353,6
39,5
84,5
84,2
19,8
52,2
73,7
37,6
69,0
1,9
1,9
140,0
0,9
1,8
1,1
13,3
3.624,5
3.819,0
1.566,0
1.259,5
708,3
67,6
244,4
558,8
59,0
135,1
205,2
102,0
185,7
14,6
6,6
256,7
3,9
21,4
14,6
21,0
1.723,3
3.069,0
2.800,7
542,6
560,4
40,2
83,8
91,2
21,6
76,9
77,4
45,6
82,0
2,2
2,2
196,4
0,3
2,9
1,1
105,3
3.706,3
3.806,0
1795,3
1.354,0
803,2
66,3
225,2
601,1
61,1
136,8
212,5
107,2
203,8
15,8
7,1
252,0
3,7
9,6
21,6
22,2
1.776,2
3.010,9
3.134,3
666,0
564,4
44,8
79,0
116,0
23,1
77,9
88,5
42,3
90,1
2,7
3,6
189,3
0,3
2,2
1,5
110,7
3.796,9
382,3
1.810,7
1.360,8
817,0
67,7
225,7
604,1
61,4
136,9
212,5
107,9
203,8
15,8
7,3
254,2
3,8
9,0
21,9
25,4
1.788,8
3.141,7
3.648,8
669,4
572,9
44,9
75,9
118,3
23,3
91,9
89,2
42,9
90,3
2,4
3,8
205,0
0,4
2,8
1,5
112,3
In 2003, a large plantation area in Indonesia reached 38.2 million ha. Cultivated plants which include rubber, coconut, palm oil, tea, quinine, sugar cane, and tobacco. More extensive data on crop production and large estates 2000-2003 by type of plant can be seen in Table 3.4
Table 3.4. Area and Production (thousand tons) of plantation crops at the beginning of Year by Type of Crop (thousand ha), 2000-2003.
Plant type 2000 2001 2002 2003
size Product size Product size Product size Product
Long-lived plants
Rubber
Rubber
Coconut
Palm oil
Coffee
Cocoa
Tea
Kapok
Quinine
Short-lived plants
Sugarcane
Tobacco
Rami
3.046,0
549,0
94,9
2.440,5
63,2
157,8
90,0
4,5
1,3
388,5
5,2
1,6
1.125,2
375,8
96,7
4.574,5
1.039,7
28,3
57,7
123,1
1,0
1.708,1
6,1
2,6
3.624,5
48,0
78,5
2.691,9
62,5
158,6
83,3
4,7
1,2
393,9
5,3
1,4
1.723,3
316,3
94,0
5016,4
1.137,9
27,0
57,9
126,7
1,3
1.824,6
5,5
2,4
3.706,3
545,3
78,9
2.786,1
61,3
156,7
84,4
4,7
1,2
397,8
5,1
1,3
1.776,2
327,4
87,6
5.227,3
1194,8
26,4
57,4
120,4
1,3
1.853,8
5,2
2,3
3.796,9
543,4
78,9
2.875,3
60,7
155,4
84,7
4,7
1,1
398,6
4,9
1,3
1.788,8
332,5
87,6
5.456,7
1.231,8
26,1
57,2
122,6
1,4
1.876,6
5,3
2,3
Several other plants are cultivated in perkebunana both smallholders and large estates such as rubber, oil palm, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, clove, coffee, and chocolate.
a. Rubber (Havea Braziliensis)
Rubber is a plant that comes from brazil. Rubber plants require fertile soil, with air temperatures of about 24C with a rainfall of about 2500-4.000mm per year. After the plants were old enough, the rod was tapped to take the rubber resin. Gum-mangkoko accommodated in a bowl attached to a rubber tree.
Intercepts sap called latex. In order thickens, latex given ant acid (vinegar). After that, the mixture is thickened using a wringer squeezed to produce a thick sheet called sheet.
To avoid fungal done pengapasan process.
Sheets that had inhaled smoke sheet named. These sheets undergo a process of exploitation resulting sheets thinner called crepe.
These sheets are traded and used as industrial raw materials, manufacturers of rubber goods, such as tire manufacturers, medical equipment, and household goods manufacturers.
Apart from Malaysia and Sri Lanka, Indonesia known as one of the largest rubber producing countries in duni. Rubber plantation area in Indonesia, especially in the receiving areas, the largest North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, West Java, East Java and South Kalimantan.
b. Palm oil (Elais guineensis)
Palm oil is a plant that originated from the beach guinea (Affrika). Palm plants need loose soil with air temperatures of around 24C. The plant is grown in areas with short dry season and a rainfall between 2000-4000mm per year.
Palm plants produce palm oil which is the raw material manufacture cooking oil, soap, and margarine. Oil palm plantations in Indonesia, especially the largest in the region of North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi and Kalimantan.
c. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum. L.)
Tobacco is a plant that originated from Mexico (United States). These plants can grow in various regions, except in polar regions.
Tobacco plantations in Indonesia, especially in the area are Deli (North Sumatra), Surakarta, Klaten (Central Java), Besuki, and Bojonegoro (East Java). Tobacco processed as raw material for making cigarettes. Most of the tobacco plantations of Indonesia exported and auctioned in Bremen (Germany).
d.Tebu (saccharum officinarum L)
Probably derived sugarcane area around the river Ganges (India). Sugarcane plants grown on low land areas (0-600mm) which contains water with air temperatures of around 24C and having a long dry season.
Sugar cane plantations spread over many islands of Java, especially in Cirebon, Pekalongan, Pati, Madiun, Kediri, Malang, Besuki, and Jember. Sugar cane is the raw material to manufacture granulated sugar and flavor.
e. Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Tea is a plant that originated in China and Assam (India). Most of the plants are grown in Indonesia is the kind that comes from the region with tanh penggunungan a fertile, sunny, and cool air. Plantations in Indonesia, the spread in the region of North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Ttengah Java and East Java.
f. Clove (Eugenia arimatica O.K.)
Cloves are native to Indonesia who came from the Moluccas. This plant requires a fertile soil and cool air. Plant part used form of interest is then dried and then used as raw material for the cigarette industry, pharmaceutical industry, and spice ingredients. Spread tanman clove in Indonesia, especially in the area are North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Java, Manado, and the Moluccas.
g. Coffee (Coffea canephora)
Types of coffee grown in Indonesia consists of Arabica coffee from South Abesinia, Liberian coffee comes from Angola, dank poi rabusta also came from Congo (Africa). Coffee Plant yng most widely cultivated in Indonesia is robusta kpoi. This type of coffee has more advantages compared with other types, among other things can grow in low lands, than to the pest and disease, the fruit very much, and can be planted in intercropping system. Coffee plants cultivated in many areas Tapanuli (North Sumatra), South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung, Bali and South Sulawesi.
h. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Chocolate is a plant that originated from America. In Indonesia, this plant has not been attempted. Brown plants can grow in tropical and subtropical. Cocoa plantations in Indonesia, mainly scattered in the area of Pekalongan, West Sumatra, Semarang, Sulawesi, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara.
3. Forestry
Forest is a community area flora and fauna as a whole is a natural community of life along with the natural biological environment. Indonesia's forest area reached about 110 million hectares consisting of forest, production forest, conversion forest, and forest production can be converted.
Forests are natural resources exploited by the earliest humans. At the beginning of human civilization, part of the forest can be utilized is still very limited. After people discovered the technology, shrinking forest area with a speed that is very worrying. Logging, and conversion of forests into agricultural land, residential, and industrial area to encourage the reduction of forest.
The decline of forest cover is increasing the vulnerability of that territory to disasters, both disasters, whether drought, floods or landslides. In addition, the forest loss would cause the loss of various species of animals and plants.
Forests as natural resources is very useful for human life. Forest products that can be used humans are many and varied. Some forest products that until now many explored include wood, rattan, and resin.
a. Wood
Wood is the main result of the forest. Wood logs can be (round), sawn timber and plywood. Types of logs (round) which has a very high economic value and the export commodities include teak, meranti, ebony, mahogany, ramin, camphor, ulin, iron wood, and sandalwood. The types of wood are mainly produced from the forest on the island of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua.
Wood production of forest products since 1999 continue to experience a significant decline. Based on data from the Ministry of Forestry, in 1999 roundwood production reached 20.6 million m³, sawn timber 2.1 million m³, and plywood 4.6 million m³. In 2002, production decreased mangalami. Forest timber production data by type of production in 2002 can be seen in diagram 3.2
b. Rattan
Rattan is the second forest product after timber. Rattan mainly produced by the forest on the island of Borneo. Rattan is widely used as industrial raw materials and the furniture industry.
c. Damar
Damar is a timber forest products derived from certain plants in the forest. Rosin is used for paints, varnishes, and even perfume. Damar forests are scattered throughout the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.
In addition to the above results, the forests of Indonesia also produces gutta-percha and camphor. Gutta-percha produced by the forests on the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan, is used for wrapping wire and a golf ball. Camphor is produced by many forests in Aceh and Tapanuli. Camphor is used to mix perfumes.
Several types of forest products other than wood and the amount produced in 2002 can be seen in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5. Sign up Production of Forest Products by Type, 2000 to 2002.
Type of goods
unit 2000 2001 2002
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Rattan
Gondrorukem
Turpentine
Eucalyptus oil
Damar
ton
ton
ton
ton
ton 94.752
27.589
3.570
174.338
3.342 23.836
30.126
4.076
157.417
2.921 17.779
28.953
2.993
188.264
1.131
1. Fishing
Fishing is fishing effort and the maintenance of good fish in inland waters and marine waters. Therefore, we know of fisheries land and sea fisheries.
a. Fishing ground
Inland fisheries is the capture and maintenance efforts in inland water fish, including fresh water fisheries (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and swamps) and brackish water fisheries. Types of inland water fish culture in ponds is generally done, rushing water pond, and Karamba. Cultivation of many types cultivated in brackish waters are generally in the form of shrimp and fish species fish. Cultivation in brackish waters are generally cultivated on the beach in the form of ponds and pond. Brackish water fisheries cultivated in many areas of North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Lampung, and the northern coast of Java Island.
b. Sea Fishing
Sea Fishing is fishing effort carried out in the sea, around the coast or at sea. Sea fishery activities in Indonesia is very potential and important role that the Indonesian waters since very large. Center for marine fisheries in Indonesia are in Bagan Siapi-fire (Riau), Tegal (Central Java), MUNCAR (Banyuwangi, East Java), Kota Baru (South Kalimantan), Makassar (South Sulawesi), Water Copper (North Sulawesi), and Ambon.
Based on data from the Directorate General of Capture Fisheries and the Directorate General of Aquaculture, fish production in 2001 for the type of business tanbak is 454.7 thousand tons, from business 222.8 thousand tons of ponds, from business karamba 39.3 thousand tons, of marine fisheries 3.9 million tons, of rice cultivation (paddy mina) approximately 98 thousand tons. Data can be seen in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6. Fishery production by Island and Sector (tons), from 2000 to 2001
island Sea Fishing Fishing Land
Pond
Pool
Karamba Rice
2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001 2000 2001
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Sumatra
Jawa
Bali & Nusa tenggara
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku dan papua
1.180.667
820.774
223.057
284.344
734.269
564.080 1.242.628
929.072
229.691
302.632
751.902
510.555 67.056
211.729
9.716
16.047
124.839
630 71.331
225.813
10.026
19.772
127.166
652 50.621
147.968
2.313
2.524
9.502
1.465
52.874
153.117
2.372
2.567
10.393
1.469 5.675
7.421
24
10.554
1.751
348 14.810
9.352
818
12.198
1.815
347
17.739
67.170
1.311
197
6.646
0 18.919
72.3801.003
185
5.703
0
Indonesia 3.807.191 3.966.480 430.017 454.710 214.393 222.792 25.773 39.340 93.063 98.190
1. Livestock
Livestock is an activity and maintain a useful animal mengembangbiakan to meet human needs. Many cultivated farm activities as a sideline. Animals are usually kept around the home environment, which is known as benign cattle home. In some other areas in Indonesia cultivated farm of two ways, among others.
• Benign cages, in groups of cattle in a pasture during the day and evening kembal cattle herded into the barn.
• wild animals, farm animals are released freely in the meadow, either day or night. Animals marked only by the owner and arrested if necessary.
In Indonesia, not grouped according to farm business size is based on what type of domesticated animals.
Based on the type of domesticated animals, livestock in Indonesia can be divided into large animal farms, petenakan small animals, and poultry.
a. Large animal husbandry
Large hewn ranch activities include buffaloes, cows, and horses. The results of this farm is for cattle, dairy, and certain goals. Livestock in West Nusa Tenggra generally released in the pasture, only a small part of dikandangkan. In contrast, in Java, and generally dikandangkan cattle maintained around the house, and released in the area of agriculture or in the garden.
Cattle buffalo are domesticated animals of the oldest houses in Indonesia. Livestock is much cultivated in areas Tapanuli (North Sumatra), West Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, Bali, and Manggarai (Flores, East Nusa Tenggara). Buffalo widely used to pull carts and oxen plowing.
Cows are large animals of the most widely cultivated, There are various types of cattle in Indonesia, but there is the most widely cultivated is the cow of Java, Madura cattle, beef Bali. Cattle Madura and Bali cattle have been developed evenly in the area of East Nusa Tenggara. In addition, efforts are also a lot of cattle found in the area of North Sumatra, Lampung, Sulawesi, Java, and Madura.
Seeds for cattle horses, imported from Saudi Arabia, Persia, and Mongolia and conducted cross-breeding, resulting in new types of horses such as horse Sandel (Sumbawa), Tapanuli horses, horses Makassar, Java and horses. Many cultivated horse farm in East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Tapanuli (North Sumatra) and South Sulawesi.
Cattle horse once widely used for transportation as oxen pulling a cart, wagon, carriage, and the royal army vehicles. However, this horse is bred for entertainment (horse racing).
b. Animal husbandry are
Activities include animal husbandry farms are kamning, sheep, sheep, and pigs. Livestock is often called the family cattle, because most Indonesian farmers to maintain. Goats and sheep are scattered throughout Java, Madura, and Sumatra.
c. Pertenakan poultry
Pertenakan poultry activities are cattle raising activities with wings and two legs, such as chickens, ducks and birds. Chickens bred as cut chicken (broiler) and chicken pertelur.
We have also developed many of the mountain cattle business. Generally, this activity is done as a hobby. However, this activity is enough potential in providing additional income.
At first, the activities carried out as poultry pertenakan side activities. However, this time also began pertenakkan activities conducted in a large scale by some entrepreneurs. Pertenakan poultry companies in the region dikembangkna many large cities such as Medan, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Suarbaya, Makassar, Manado.
Distribution of Natural Resources can not Updated
Natural resources are non-renewable natural resource which can not be recovered after use and disposable discharged.
The discussion about the distribution of natural resources which can not be updated includes minerals, in the form of fuel consisting of petroleum, natural gas and coal and metal minerals consist of iron, tin, bauskit, copper, gold, and silver
1. Petroleum
Petroleum is a source of energy very penting.Minyak earth is the main energy source for industrial machinery and motor vehicles.
Petroleum is formed from mikroplankton found in lakes, swamps, bays, and shallow sea. After death, the mengendapa in mikroplankton base and mixed with mud, so the experience is not perfect decomposition, called sapropelium. Because of pressure from layers of sediment that are above the long-standing and continuous, sediment it undergoes the process of distillation. Finally saprolium became petroleum.
There is oil in the skin layers of the earth called oil tendon. This oil tank is generally shaped fault, trap Stratigraphy, reservoir layer depletion, salt domes, and coral reefs. Minyk Earth Farm in Indonesia spread in North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Palembang., West Java, Central Java, East Kalimantan, and Papua. Obtained from oil drilling.
Over the last five years, oil production fluctuated showing a downward trend of production. Compared with the year 2002, the year 2003 oil production has decreased as much as 3.92% of 474, million barrels to 456.3 million barrels. (1 barrel = 158.99 liters = 1 / 6, 2898m3).
2. Gas
Natural gas is often found at ekspolasi activities of associated petroleum gas and nonassociated gas. Associated gas is found by means of gas with oil at a petroleum refinery. Natural gas obtained from oil processing is called LPG (LPG = Liguified Petroleum Gas). The dalah gas nonassociate gas produced from gas reserves that are not mixed with oil. The results of processing is called LNG (Natural Gas Liqufied).
Either natural gas reserves of LPG and LNG ditemukkan many oil field in Arun (Aceh Darussalam Nanggore), Rantau Prapat (North Sumatra), Dunai (Riau), Musi (South Sumatra), Balongan (West Java), Cilacap (Central Java) , Badak, Bontang (East Kalimantan), and the Natuna Sea.
The trend decline in oil production also experienced by the production of natural gas. However in 2003 production has increased from 2041.9 million MSCF (1MSCF = 1 / 35, 3m3) in 2002 to 3057.8 million MSCF.
3. Coal
Coal is formed from fossilized plants ybg prehistoric rock buried by sediment hundreds of years yng lalu.Adanya carbonization process for a long time, the remains of these plants in a row will turn into lignite, coal, anthracite, graphite, and diamond . Prior to becoming a young coal, fossil plants, it first became peat.
Obtained by coal mining activities. Coal mining in general done in several ways as follows.
a. Open pit mining (open pit), if; apisan large coal and only covered by a layer of soil or rock thin.
b. Mining copies of the hill, if the coal layer is located equally or possession of the mountain side.
c. Mining in) close-mining), if the layer of coal arriving standing upright or nearly evenly and buried hundreds of meters thick and deep.
Indonesia has potentially large coal contained in Umbilin (West Sumatra), hill Acid (South Sumatra), East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.
4. Iron
Bersal iron from materials mixed with soil and sand as a sediment. A unsure iron white metal, like silver shiny, easy to extend, is formed, and rust. Iron ore are scattered throughout the island of Nias (North Sumatra), Iron Mountain (West Sumatra), river rocks and ponds (Jambi), Gunug Chain (Lampung), Sebuku Island (South Kalimantan), Sintang (West Kalimantan), Kotawaringin (Central Kalimantan ), hill Kingdom (South Sulawesi), and mountian Verbeek (Central Sulawesi).
2. Tin
Timah granite rocks found on the bedrock. After experiencing pelaukan granite rocks, geological ore into tumah tin primary and secondary tin. Primary tin is a tin in granitic rocks in the earth or called gunug tin. The secondary lead is the lead contained in the land, based on river valleys or the sea floor. Formed from secondary tin tin mountain has experienced weathering processes, and then in pengankutan in endapkan estuaries. Tin ore are scattered throughout the island of Bangka, Belitung, Linga, and Singkep.
3. Bauxite
Bauxite is a mixture of colloidal aluminum oxide (AI) and ferum (Zn) contained in the soil. At the time of weathering and rock have been destroyed, the element oxygen (O ²), silisium (Sil) and ferum (Zn) of water washed away. As a result, a lot of ground formed containing aluminum (AI), such as those found on the island of Bintan. Bauxite is usually used to make household appliances such as pots, spoons, plates, electrical appliances and packaging. Bauxite are scattered throughout the area and the island of Bintan Island Transport and Kojang, in the Riau Islands.
4. Gold and silver
Gold and silver mines are the oldest materials known to man. Both types of minerals have been used since hundreds of man years ago. Both types of minerals are often found in conjunction with other minerals such as copper, zinc, and platinum.
The most easily recognizable gold because it's yellow, soft, and easily formed. Gold are scattered throughout the region of North Sumatra, Rejang Lebong, (Bengkulu), West Java (Mount Pongkor), Central Java, East Java, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Bolaang Mongondow (North Sulawesi), Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku.
Based on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the production of some types of mining in Indonesia from 2000-2003 are shown Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Mining Production by Type of Goods, 2000 to 2003
Type of goods
unit 2000 2001 2002 2003
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Oil
Gas
Tin
Coal
Bauxite
Nickel ore
Gold
Silver
Sand iron
Asphalt
Manganese ore
Copper concentrate
000 brl
000Mscf
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
Kg
Kg
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton
m.ton 515.503
2.901.327
50.166
76.936.095
1.156.248
3.349.280
117.581
334.635
537.967
8.701
30.195
3.193.499 490.145
2.807.150
61.863
90.351.844
1.275.634
3.635.351
166.091
348.332
490.073
1.044
24.874
3.289.499 474.884
3.041.875
88.142
103.060.426
1.283.485
4.366.235
142.238
288.806
378.587
976
19.985
3.786.695 456.282
3.057.838
71.695
106.754.868
1.262.705
4.395.429
141.019
278.986
245.409
385
16.960
3.238.308
A. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT GOOD
All good natural resources and the real potential to be utilized effectively and may seefesien survival of nation and state. This is stipulated in the Act - Act No. 4 of 1982 on environmental management and the 1945 Constitution Article 33 which established that natural resources are used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people. Kemakmran should be enjoyed by current generations and the future. This means that the current generation should be careful in exploiting and utilizing natural resources, so that future generations can still enjoy it. For that we need to understand and apply the principles of sustainable ekoefisiensi principles.
Principles and Sustainable Environment Concept
Natural resources on earth is an essential resource for human survival. Lost or reduced availability of natural resources will impact on human survival. Therefore, the fundamental problems with respect to natural resource management is how to manage natural resources, in order to yield benefits as much as possible for people without sacrificing pa preservation of natural resources themselves. Management is so-called principle of environmentally sound and sustainable.
Management of natural resources and sustainable environmental perspective has been done a long time. However, high population growth and accompanied with the increasing human needs menyyebabkan exploitation of natural resources excessively. As a result, negative impacts, such as the extinction of flora and fauna, landslides, floods, and environmental pollution. If this is allowed to continue, future generations can no longer enjoy the natural resources available at this time.
In order to place the harmony and environmental balance and to maintain environmental carrying capacity, the utilization and management of natural resources and sustainable environmental perspective needs to be intensified. The purpose of natural resource management are environmentally sound and sustainable include the following things.
1. achieved a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment, with the aim of developing the whole person.
2. uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources wisely.
3. As with the builder of human realization of the environment.
4. implementation of development for the benefit of present and future.
Some examples of management of environmentally sound and sustainable in order to take advantage of natural resources among other minerals as follows.
1. reduce inefficient exploitation and excessive.
2. export minerals in the form of objects so that has an economic value is higher.
3. energy saving and trying to find alternative environmentally friendly replacement.
4. pengembanga conduct research and to find new areas or to create environmentally friendly technologies.
Principle Ekoefesiensi
Utilization of natural resources as described earlier can disrupt the balance of the environment. One of them is environmental pollution. However, humans also can maintain and restore ecological balance through knowledge and technology. Through the use of science and technology, humans can improve the production process while reducing negative environmental impacts. This trsebut stipulated in Penerintah Regulation No.29 year 1986 which is a translation of one of the articles of Law No. 4 tahun1982. in the Act there is the necessity of EIA (environmental impact assessment) in any activity which pembanguna expected to have an impact on the environment. For example, the excavation activities of a type of mineral or established industry.
Business management that combines economic principles with environmental protection principles ekoefesiensi called. Ekoefesiensi principle means an increase in the production process with little cost and with minimal environmental impact. Ekoefisiensi principle holds to the following matters.
1. Save and pay attention in the future needs or future generations.
2. efktivitas achieve high usage.
3. not interfere with the integrity or sustainability of natural resources other.
For example, savings in resources means using natural resources with full awareness by taking into account the interests of tomorrow. This can be measured objectively and simple. For example, in the use of electric energy or water at home or school. In addition to savings business, which is not less important is pemelihaaan existing resources. Resource is preserved to be enjoyed by generations to come.
Chapter II ANTROPOSFER
A. POPULATION COMPOSITION
Antroposfer is one of the geosphere phenomenon associated with various activities and the dynamics of population change in a region. Changes in population dynamics caused by the birth, death, and immigration. Population dynamics of these changes will affect the number, growth rate, and composition of the population in a region.
Input Process Output
Death® ® ® ® ® ®Birth
Emigration® ® ® ® ® ®Immigration
Figure 2.1 changes the dynamics of the population caused by births, deaths, and migration
The composition of the population is the composition or structure of the population based on certain criteria. The criteria used in preparing the composition of the population include biological criteria (age and gender), geographic criteria (residence), social criteria (level of education and marital status), and economic criteria (employment, income levels, and types of jobs ).
Population composition data can be used for population analysis. Some uses of the composition of the population data are as follows.
1. Knowing the condition of human resources both by age and gender
2. Implement a policy relating to population
3. Comparing the state of a population group with other residents in accordance with the criteria used.
The composition of the population that is often encountered and used in the discussion of demographics is the composition by age and gender, the composition on the basis of geography, and composition based on social characteristics.
Column Geography
Population grows dynamically. According to Thomas Maltus, population increased following the geometric series. Meanwhile, food supplies grow in a row sritmatika (Thomas Malthus, Principle of Population)
Figures at a Glance
Prof. Dr. H. Haryono Suyono, the population of Indonesia, he has served as Head of National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), the State Chief Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs of Population and Welfare and Poverty Eradication. In his tenure, he has managed to overcome the problems of population through family planning programs (KB) and its success is not only recognized in Indonesia but also in the world. He considered the "pearl of the world" on population and family welfare, and was awarded as Mr. Family planning in Indonesia.
Composition of Population by Age and Gender
Age and sex are characteristic of the most basic population. The composition of age and gender have a major influence on behavior perunahan economic and social demographics. Composition of population by age can be arranged in groups' annual Datu age "or by using the interval" five years ", for example:
The Annual Age Age Five annual
Antroposfer is one of the geosphere phenomenon associated with various activities and the dynamics of population change in a region. Changes in population dynamics caused by the birth, death, and immigration. Population dynamics of these changes will affect the number, growth rate, and composition of the population in a region.
Input Process Output
Death® ® ® ® ® ®Birth
Emigration® ® ® ® ® ®Immigration
Figure 2.1 changes the dynamics of the population caused by births, deaths, and migration
The composition of the population is the composition or structure of the population based on certain criteria. The criteria used in preparing the composition of the population include biological criteria (age and gender), geographic criteria (residence), social criteria (level of education and marital status), and economic criteria (employment, income levels, and types of jobs ).
Population composition data can be used for population analysis. Some uses of the composition of the population data are as follows.
1. Knowing the condition of human resources both by age and gender
2. Implement a policy relating to population
3. Comparing the state of a population group with other residents in accordance with the criteria used.
The composition of the population that is often encountered and used in the discussion of demographics is the composition by age and gender, the composition on the basis of geography, and composition based on social characteristics.
Column Geography
Population grows dynamically. According to Thomas Maltus, population increased following the geometric series. Meanwhile, food supplies grow in a row sritmatika (Thomas Malthus, Principle of Population)
Figures at a Glance
Prof. Dr. H. Haryono Suyono, the population of Indonesia, he has served as Head of National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), the State Chief Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs of Population and Welfare and Poverty Eradication. In his tenure, he has managed to overcome the problems of population through family planning programs (KB) and its success is not only recognized in Indonesia but also in the world. He considered the "pearl of the world" on population and family welfare, and was awarded as Mr. Family planning in Indonesia.
Composition of Population by Age and Gender
Age and sex are characteristic of the most basic population. The composition of age and gender have a major influence on behavior perunahan economic and social demographics. Composition of population by age can be arranged in groups' annual Datu age "or by using the interval" five years ", for example:
The Annual Age Age Five annual
| Umur Satu Tahunan | Umur Lima tahunan |
| 0 1 2 3 ….. dst | 0 – 4 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 ……… dst |
Table 2. 1. Composition of Population by Age and Gender
| Kelompok Umur | Laki-laki (L) | Perempuan (P) | Laki-Laki + Perempuan | |
| Jumlah | % | |||
| 0 – 4 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 – 69 70 – 74 75+ TT | 10.295.701 10.433.865 10.460.908 10.649.348 9.237.464 9.130.504 8.204.302 7.432.840 6.433.438 5.087.252 3.791.185 2.883.226 2.597.076 1.666.191 1.368.190 1.257.526 5.946 | 10.006.675 10.060.226 9.992.824 10.500.169 10.020.637 9.510.433 8.195.418 7.471.386 6.034.410 4.568.753 3.593.783 2.795.438 2.723.943 1.898.735 1.468.847 1.459.459 5.901 | 20.302.376 20.494.091 20.453.732 21.149.517 19.258.101 18.640.937 16.399.720 14.904.226 12.467.848 9.656.005 7.384.968 5.678.664 5.321.019 3.564.926 2.837.037 2.716.985 11.847 | 10,09 10,18 10,16 10,51 9,57 9,26 8,15 7,41 6,20 4,80 3,67 2,82 2,64 1,77 1,41 1,35 0,01 |
| Jumlah | 100.934.962 | 100.307.037 | 201.241.999 | 100,00 |
The composition of the population by age and sex are presented in the form umumya population piramisa. By looking at the proportion of people in each group and gender elements can be obtained picture of the condition of the area residents. In addition, the population pyramid can also provide information on changes in population age group and sex, and estimated population growth for the future, the dependency burden rates, sex ratio, and employment numbers.
1. Numbers Load Dependence
Numbers Load dependency (Dependency Ratio) is a socio-economic implications of the composition of the population by age and gender. This figure can be used as an indicator of a country's economy is relatively developed country or not. Numbers Load dependence of the ratio between the number of states that are not productive population (population aged 15 years and under 65 years and over) with a population that is economically productive (ages 15 to 64 years). Numbers Load dependence can be calculated by the following equation.
Numbers Load Dependence =
Example:
Indonesia Population Population Census results in 2000, has a population julah age group 0 to 14 years as many as 61,250,199 people, the age group 15 to 64 years = 130,872,852 souls, and the age group above 65 years = 9,118,948 inhabitants. Calculate Numbers Load dependence of Indonesia in 2000!
Given:
Po-14 = 61,250,199
P65 + = 9118984
Q15-64 = 130,872,852
Asked:
Numbers Load Dependence?
Answer:
Numbers Load Dependence =
= = 53.764 = 54%
These figures mean that 100 people bear the burden of productive 54 people who are not productive
2. Gender Comparison
Comparison of Gender (Sex Ratio) is the ratio between the number of male population with a population of women in a particular region and time. This figure is usually expressed in number of men per 100 women. Gender Comparison figures can be calculated using the following equation.
Gender Perbandinagn =
Example:
Based on the results of the 2000 population census, the population is male population of 100,934,962 souls and women are 100,307,037 souls. Based on these data. Calculate Comparative Figures Indonesia Population Sex!
Given:
The number of men = 100,934,962
Number of women = 100,307,037
Asked:
Gender Comparative Figures?
Answer:
Gender Perbandinagn =
=
= 100.6 = 101
This means that in every 100 women there were 101 male population
Age composition of the population of a country different from other countries, as well as when compared between an area with other regions within a country. The difference is influenced by three demographic variables of births, deaths, and migration. All three of these variables interplay with each other. If one variable changes, then other variables will contribute to change. Thus, the composition of the population will contribute to change.
Based on the composition of age and gender, characteristics of the population in the country suati can be categorized into three kinds, namely the pyramid expansive, constructive and stationer.
Population Composition of Basic Geographic
The composition of the population on the basis of geographic able to illustrate the distribution of population density and population in a region.
The population density is the ratio of an area population of the area. The population density is expressed by the number of residents per km2.
Population density can be expressed by two measures of arithmetic population density and agricultural density.
1. Arithmetic Density
Arithmetic population density is the number density obtained from the ratio of the total population of the entire area of land (average population per km2). Arithmetic population density can be calculated using the following equation.
Arithmetic Density =
Example:
Indonesia Population Census of Population in 2000 was 201,241,999 people. With a total area of 1,898,509 km2, calculate the density of population in Indonesia in 2000 census?
Given:
The population = 201,241,999
The total area = 1,898,509 km2
Asked:
Arithmetic Density?
Answer:
Arithmetic Density =
=
= 106 km2
So Indonesia's population density per square kilometer is 106 people
2. Agriculture Density
The agrarian population density population density obtained from a comparison of the population of the area's arable land (average population per km2). Agrarian population density figures can be calculated using the following peramaan:
Agriculture = Population Density
Example:
A population of the region in 2004 was 201,315 inhabitants. The area of agriculture in the area is 107,412 km2. Agriculture Population Density Hitunlah region.
Given:
Total population = 201,315 inhabitants
Agricultural area of 107,412 km2 =
Asked:
Agriculture Population Density?
Answer:
Agriculture = Population Density
=
= 1.87 km2
Agrarian population density figures can be used to estimate the minimum physical needs and the level of poverty of a region.
When compared with the area, including Indonesia is not a country with high population density. In 2003, Indonesia reached a density of 114 km2. It's just the problem of population density because Indonesia is the population distribution is uneven. Most of the population still lived on the island of Java. Data from the BPS in 2000 and 2003 showed approximately 59% of the population live on the island of Java. Of this amount, approximately 17% lived in West Java province, 15% in Central Java, and 17% in East Java. While the vast island of Java as a whole is only about 7% of the entire land area of Indonesia.
In other parts of Indonesia, such as Maluku, North Maluku, and Papua, which has an area of about 24% of the total area occupied by Indonesia only about 2% of the population.
The size of the population on the island of Java caused the island's population density becomes very high. The population density in Java reached 915 km2. Meanwhile in Jakarta, in the year 2003 the population density is estimated at 12,985 km2
Column Geography
The study population can be both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively related to the number and distribution density. Quantitatively related among others to education, health, population and income. Data quality of the population can be used to measure progress and the welfare of the nation.
Composition of Population by Social characteristics
The composition of the population based on social characteristics to illustrate the level of population quality in a region. The composition of the population according to social characteristics associated with level of education, employment, health, religion, and housing and the environment. For example, the composition of the population age 7 - 24 years who were in school by age group and gender.
Indonesian population issues related to the social sector, especially the labor problems.
Employment growth is less balanced with employment growth will cause a decline in employment levels. However, the working population is also not fully be seen as a number of employment opportunities available. This is because the frequent occurrence of mismatches in the labor market.
In 2003, the total workforce of approximately 100.3 million 90.5% had worked. As many as 70.78% of which have worked under a high school education (low education). Only 23.22% of workers have higher education (above high school). Based on data from BPS also analyzed the force kerjayang still looking for a job (unemployment). In the year 2003 from the labor force of about 10 people of whom 1 is still looking for a job. The number of open unemployment in Indonesia reached 9.5 inhabitants with 59.68% of them poorly educated and highly educated 40.32%.
Column Geography
The population density is not the same in every place. There are many factors that can affect the level of population density of a region. Some of the factors causing the density differences are as follows:
Regional factors with low population density areas with high population density
Physical high mountains where the temperature and the pressure decreases as altitude, active volcanoes, highland plains and low, flat plain surrounded by volcanoes
Regional climate with very low rainfall, the area experienced a long dry season, areas with very high humidity, and areas with a very low temperature region that received high rainfall, and most of the year without a temperature variation ekstrimdengan enough sunlight, and affected areas monsoon climate
Autumn forest vegetation areas and tropical rain forest area of more dense a meadow
Land Area with the frozen ground most of the time, the region with a thin layer of soil (such as in mountainous regions), areas with a layer of easily eroded soil from deforestation, and areas with a layer of soil which has experienced a washing area has a layer of soil deep enough to thick humus, and areas with a layer of soil that contains sediment Silt
Regional water sources that do not have clean fresh water sources are adequate and permanent (can be caused by a lack of funds and weaknesses in technology) area with clean fresh water sources that can dandalkan (may come from rain water) supported the ability and technology to build a reservoir
Diseases and pests into the area of an outbreak of a disease (eg, the Central African region known as outbreaks of malaria) clean area of the outbreak of disease is supported by the facilities and adequate health infrastructure
Regional resources that do not have deposits of natural resources and energy areas with natural resources and energy
Transportation and communication facilities such as mountainous areas, deserts, and forests that can complicate the development of communication tools that facilitate the Territory means of communication such as canals, highways, railways, relay towers, and the port.
Regional factors with low population density areas with high population density
Economic Area who are still behind in terms of development, and regional economic system that only self-sufficient region with the progress of agriculture and industry
Areas with government politics that can not attract investors or region with which pemeritahan not have the funds to carry out development, and regional governance system unstable region with a stable government capable of conducting both development and physical development, social development
B. POPULATION GROWTH
Population growth is a dynamic balance between the various factors that affect the population. The factors that influence population growth are birth, death, and migration. The birth will increase the number of residents. Event of death will reduce the number of residents. Immigration (immigrants) will increase the number of residents. As for emigration (people who moved out of the area) will reduce the number of residents.
Birth (birthrate)
There are several factors that support the delivery (pronatalitas) and that inhibits the birth (antinatalitas)
1. Pronatalitas factors
- Nikah young age;
- The presumption many children much sustenance;
- The low level of health.
2. Antinatalitas factors
- The rule limits the age to get married. Women at least 16 years while men 19 years;
- The restrictions on child support for civil servants;
- The majority of parents thought that children were a burden for parents, especially in this modern age;
- The existence of government programs to limit births, the family planning with all the tools to prevent pregnancy.
1. Measurement of birth rate
a. Crude Birth Numbers (Crude Birth Rate, or CBR)
CBR =
CBR = Crude Birth Rate Crude Birth Or Numbers
B = Number of population in a given year
P = Population mid-year
K = a constant number which is usually worth 1000
b. Birth Numbers by Age (Age Specific Fertility Rate or ASFR)
ASFRi =
Bi = number of age groups kelahiranbayi i
PFI = Number of women age group in the mid-i
k = rate constant that is usually worth 1000
Death (Mortakitas)
The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand population each year. There are several factors that inhibit death (antimortalitas) and supports the death (promortalitas).
Antimortalitas factors
- Availability of adequate facilities kessehatan;
- Environmental clean and orderly;
- The existence of religious teachings that prohibit suicide.
Promortalitas factors
- Lack of public awareness of the importance of health;
- Health facilities are inadequate;
- The act of suicide;
- The natural disasters that cause loss of life;
- The occurrence of war;
- Frequent traffic accident.
1. Mortality measurement
a. Crude Mortality Rate (or Crude Death Rate CDR)
CDR =
D = Number of deaths in a given year (from the resident registration)
P = Total population at mid-year (in June and July)
k = number constant that is usually worth 1000
b. Mortality Rate by Age (Age Specific Death Rate or ASDR)
ASDRi =
On = The number of deaths in group i
Pmi = Total population at mid-year for age group i
k = number constant that is usually worth 1000
Population growth can be calculated in several ways, the natural population, population growth arithmetic, geometric population growth, and exponential population growth. Population growth arithmetic, geometric, and exponential is used to calculate population growth rates continue every year.
Natural Population Growth
Natural population growth is the only population growth factor caused by the birth and death only. Population growth rate can be calculated by the following equation.
RNI =
RNI = natural population growth rate (Rate of Natural Increase)
P = Number of initial population
B = number of birth (birth)
D = death rate (death)
The population growth rate can also be calculated by including all factors that influence population growth (births, deaths, and migration). Calculation of population growth rate which includes all these factors is calculated by the following equation.
r =
Pn = Po + (B - D) + (Mi - Mo)
Where:
r = population growth rate
Po = initial population
B = number of births
D = the number of deaths
Mi = number of in-migration
Mo = the number of out-migration
(B-D) = the natural population growth
(Mi-Mo) = net migration
Example:
The population of a region in 2006 was 102,560 inhabitants. In the same year, the number of births in the region is 4289 people, the death rate of 2385 souls, and the number of people out and settled in other regions is as much as 953 souls. Calculate how much and population growth area in 2007!
Given:
Po = 102,560
B = 4289
D = 2385
Mi = 1345
Mo = 953
Asked:
The population of the next year?
Population growth (r)?
Answer:
The population in 2007:
Pn = Po + (B - D) + (Mi - Mo)
= 102,560 + (4289 to 2385) + (1345-953)
= 102. 560 + (1,904 + 392)
= 102,560 + 2296
= 104,856 people
Thus, the population in 2007 was as many as 104,856 people
The population growth rate (r):
r = = 2.2%
Thus, the population growth rate from year 2006 to year 2007 amounted to 2.2%
Arithmetic Population Growth
The arithmetic of population growth is population growth in the number (absolute number) the same every year. To calculate the arithmetic of population growth used the following equation.
Pn = Po (1 - rn)
Where:
Pn = the number of residents in the year n
Po = total population in the early (primary)
r = population growth rate
n = period of time in the year (period)
Geometric Population Growth
Geometric population growth in the population yaitupertumbuhan using basic interest rate (compound interest), where the population growth rate for each year. To calculate the geometric growth of population used the following equation.
Pn = Po + (1 + r) n
Where:
Pn = the number of residents in the year n
Po = initial population (basic)
r = rate of growth
n = period of time in the year (period)
Exponential Population Growth
Exponential population growth of population growth is continuously (continuous) each year with growth rates relatively constant. Exponential population growth can be formulated with the following equation.
Pn = Po e rn ¬
Where:
Pn = the number of residents in the year n
Po = total population in the early (primary)
e = base of natural logarithm system, the amount = 2.782818
r = population growth rate
n = periods of time in years (Term Time)
If the growth rate every year prnduduk fixed (constant), then by using the exponential equation can be obtained equations for calculating the time it takes a population to double (doubling time)
Doublings Time (n) =
Where:
70 = rate constant if the population growth per year is fixed.
r = population growth continue throughout the year
Example:
If r = 2.5% per year, then the population will be doubled in time:
n = = = 28 years
So the population will double after 28 years.
Example:
The population in 2000 = 40,500 inhabitants
The population in 2005 = 56,345 inhabitants
What is the population growth rate each year during the 2000-2005 period if calculated using the above three equations?
Given:
Po = 40,500
Pn = 56,345
Asked:
Population growth rate arithmetic, geometric and exponential.
Answer:
1. Pn = Po (1 + rn)
56,345 = 40,500 (1 +5 r)
56,345 = 40,500 + 40.50 x 5R
r =
7.82%®r = = 0.078246913
So the population growth rate is 7.82% arithmetic.
2. Pn = Po (1 + rn) n
56,345 = 4500 (1 + r) 5
= (1 + r) 5
1.391234568 = (1 + r) 5
Log 1.391234568 = log (1 + r) 5
0.14340036 = 5 log (1 + r)
Log (1 + r) =
Log (1 + r) = 0.028680072
1 + r = (10) 0.028680072
1 + r = 1.068267628
a. r = 1.068267638-1
6.82%®r = 0.068267638
So the geometric population growth is 6.82%
3. Pn = Po e r n
56,345 = 40,500. e5r
56,345 = e5r
40,500
1.391234568 = e5r
In 1.391234568 = In e5r
In 0.330191531 = 5R e
0.330191531 = 5R In 1
0.330191531 = 5R
6.60%®r = = 0.066038306
So an exponential population growth is 6.60%
Of the three this way, the more frequently used in calculating the population growth is geometric and exponential way. Population growth rates are not good arimetika to measure population growth because the population can not be increased by the same amount annually eraser.
Indonesia pensusuk growth rate cukuo decreased significantly since 1980. in the period 1980 - 1990 population growth rate is 1.97% per year. In the period 1990 - 2000 that number decreased to reach 1.49% per year, although in the period from 2000 to 2003 again increased to 1.5% per year.
Provincial population growth rate during the two periods (1980 - 1990 and 1990 - 2000) has decreased from almost all provinces except the province of Riau, D. I. Yogyakarta, Bali and South Sulawesi. In some provinces such as West Sumatra, DKI Jakarta, Central Java, and Maluku even decreased to below 1% per year.
Learn Indonesian population growth data by province can be seen in Table 2.2
Column Geography
• Population Census in Indonesia was first performed in 1930
• Based on the census results, the development of Indonesia's population in each census results are as follows.
Year Population
1930
1961
1971
1980
1990
60.7 Million in 2000
97.0 Million
119.1 Million
147.2 Million
179.3 Million
201.2 Million
• The results of the 2000 Census, the national population growth rate adalah1, 35%, lower than the 1990 census is 1.97%. Most of the province has decreased the rate of population, except for East Nusa Tenggara, the only province that experienced an increase in the rate of population increase of 1.79% (1980 to 1990) to 1.92% in the period 1990 to 2000. Riau Province is a province of the fastest population growth rate in the 2000 census, in the amount of 3.79%. Other provinces that have high population growth rate is Southeast Sulawesi (2.86%), East Kalimantan (2.74%), Central Kalimantan (2.67%), and Papua (2.60%). Some provinces have a population growth rate below one percent as DKI Jakarta (0.16%), West Sumatra (0.57%), East Java (0.63%), Maluku (0.65%), DI Yogyakarta (0 , 68%), and Central Java (0.82%).
Population Data Collection
To analyze the dynamics of population growth needed to support data sources. Source of data related to population changes can be obtained through population censuses, population surveys, and registration of the population.
Population census is the whole process of collecting, recording, processing, and data publishing demographic, economic, social and involving all citizens of a country at a particular time and period. Indonesia's population census carried out by Canvasser method, meaning that officers went to the population census to ask for information. In developed countries, the population census carried out using the method of House Holder. In this method each household to fill his own list of questions received from the census officer. The census registration process consists of a census facto and de jure. Census de facto means that the calculation is based on the place where one is at night before the census dilakanakan next day. The de jure census conducted by taking into account the population actually living in the census conducted. In Indonesia conducted by BPS census every 10 years.
Population survey conducted by taking samples that are considered to represent the population. The way this is done because of cost considerations and time factors. Population surveys are usually conducted once every five years or in the census (SUPAS = Inter-Census Population Survey). SUPAS conducted to fill the void between the two census data.
Population registration is recording activity and data collection continuous population. Population data collected at the time of registration data population is births, deaths, immigration, divorce, and marriage. The success of the registration of this population vary widely depending on the awareness of citizens to report any changes in themselves and their families, availability of trained personnel, as well as serious perhtian government and related institutions.
C. POPULATION INFORMATION
Information or data about the population as a very important phenomenon geosphere. Demographic information is presented in order that the reader can see, read, analyze, interpret patterns, and patterns of population characteristics of a region, territory, or country. Therefore, the population data as a source of information, to make it more attractive, easily readable and not confusing, usually presented in the form of maps, tables, and pictures.
Ebagai map tools or models to provide spatial information relating to population data, must be made in accordance with the rules of map making. Population data are usually presented in the map of population distribution and population density. For example, the data density in the map display by using shades of symbols, where every citizen to show a different value (interval). As for the steps taken to create a map of population density distribution is as follows:
1. Prepare data on:
• perwilayah population;
• The total area;
• Map of the area; and
• Paper and other drawing tools.
2. Calculate the population density will be mapped.
Density =
3. Perform classification (grouping) of data density through shades (color interval classes).
4. Figure back or trace back to the map which will draw the population density. Then, turn the color on the map in accordance with predetermined intervals (class interval = color gradations)
5. complete the map with the appropriate legend.
In addition to using the symbol colors (shades) population data can also be displayed using symbols such as symbols to illustrate the point spread of the population, graphs (diagrams) to describe the population growth rate, quantitative symbols to represent numbers.
Table is the presentation of information people most often used. Please note that almost all the population census data and population composition disajikab description in tabular form. Population density data, but presented in the form of maps can also be presented in tabular form
Island Population density per km2
1990 2000 2003
Sumatra
Java
Bali and Nusa Tenggara
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku and papua 76
843
139
16
65
8 90
951
152
20
78
9 93
997
157
20
80
10
Images are also used to present population data. Images can help us in seeing the development or comparison of the frequency of various phenomena. Images are presented in the form of diagrams (histograms, polygons, and circles)
Column Geography
• Study the phenomenon of population is used to understand the problems of population. The study was conducted based on population data, both qualitative data and quantitative data
• The results of this study was then used as the basis of population policies Untk take.
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